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Displaying items 141 to 160 of 2,688
Search result ordering
Language of Description: English
Authority Type: Corporate Body

  1. Zentralausschuss der Deutschen Juden für Hilfe und Aufbau

    • Central Committee of German Jew for Help and Reconstruction

    1933-04/1938

    The Zentralausschuss der Deutschen Juden für Hilfe und Aufbau coordinated economic and social assistance for German Jews from 1933/1938. The committee was created in 1933-04, just three months after Hitler rose to national power, as a collaboration of various German Jewish communal, political, and social-welfare organizations. Its goal was to take care of those Jews who had lost their jobs or businesses as a result of the Nazi’s anti-Jewish legislation. In addition, Jewish welfare organizations outside of Germany had requested the creation of such a committee to deal with all the monies bei...

  2. Geheime Staatspolizei

    • Secret State Police
    • Gestapo

    As the chief executive agency charged with fighting internal ‘enemies of the state’, the Gestapo functioned as the Third Reich’s main surveillance and terror instrument, first within Germany and later in the territories occupied by Germany. After 1933 the Gestapo became part of a complex apparatus of state and party police agencies.

  3. Kauno sunkiųjų darbų kalėjimas

    • Zentralgefängnis in Kauen
    • Kaunas Hard-Labour Prison

    The Kaunas Prison was completed in 1864. At the time it was a modern prison in the whole region. It had 300 places for prisoners, a chapel, administrative-household premises, and apartments for employees were planned. Later there the number of places for prisoners grew up to 550. Kaunas Prison was seen far in environs of Kaunas center and aroused terror in everybody. During the period of 1905 Revolution, the prison was overcrowded with political prisoners. The branch of Kaunas Prison was established in the Ninth Fort of Kaunas Fortress in 1924. During World War II, the majority of the convi...

  4. Żydowska Samopomoc Społeczna-Komisja Koordynacyjna

    • Jewish Social Self-Help-Coordinating Commission
    • ŻSS-KK

    The Żydowska Samopomoc Spoleczna-Komisja Koordynacyjna was renamed the Żydowskie Towarzystwo Opieki Społecznej (Jewish Social Welfare Association) in 1940-10 and Żydowska Opieka Społeczna in 1941-11. This organization had a modest and ever more greatly reduced agenda (assistance for the hungry, care of deportees), but in reality it was one of the most important centers of community life in the ghetto. It also retained coordinating functions in relation to other welfare associations and supervision of the house committees and refugee centers.

  5. Żydowskie Towarzystwo Opieki Społecznej

    • Jewish Social Welfare Association
    • ŻTOS

    1940-10/1941-11

    Żydowskie Towarzystwo Opieki Społecznej was set up in 1940-10 to replace the independent Żydowska Samopomoc Społeczna Komisja Koordynacyjna (Jewish Social Self-Help-Coordinating Commission) representing the social sector of the welfare institutions. The new organization was made subordinate to the Jewish Welfare Committee of the City of Warsaw (ZKOM), the institution licensed by the Germans. In 1941-11 ZTOS lost its autonomy and under a new name – Żydowska Opieka Społeczna (Jewish Social Welfare) – became a section of the ŻKOM.

  6. International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg

    • Mezinárodní vojenský tribunál v Norimberku
    • Międzynarodowy Trybunał Wojskowy w Norymberdze
    • Internationaler Militärgerichtshof (IMG)

    20 November 1945 - 1 October 1946

    The International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg was established after the mutual agreement of Great Britain, France, United States and the Soviet Union to punish captured Nazi officials for their war crimes. The main proceeding was lead against 24 Nazi representatives (including Hermann Göring or Rudolf Hess) and also against representatives of 6 criminal organizations (NSDAP, SS, SD, Gestapo, SA, OKW - these organizations were prohibited). During the proceeding were the accused sentenced to death, life imprisonment or 10-20 years of imprisonment. After the main proceeding went after subse...

  7. Государственный архив новейшей истории Ставропольского края

    • State Archive of the Contemporary History of Stavropol Kray

    Archive was established in 1936 as Northern Caucasus (Severno-Kaukaskiy) Kray Communist Party Archive. It held party documents from the region, created from the time of Revolution in 1917. In 1942, when German armies were approaching Stavropol, 42.490 archival items were evacuated to the town of Ashkhabad in the Turkmen Republic. Most of the other documents perished during the war. In the end of 1943 the Archive returned to Stavropol. In 1982 the Archive moved to a new building, specially constructed for its purposes, where it is located until today. In 1991 former Communist Party archive b...

  8. Gdynia-Ameryka. Linie Żeglugowe S.A

    • Gdynia-America Shipping Lines

    The shipping company Gdynia – Ameryka Linie Żeglugowe S.A. was founded in 1930 to carry émigrés on the line Gdynia–Halifax –New York. In 1932 a “Palestine line” was launched, serving the route Constanţa–Haifa–Pireus–Istanbul– Constanţa. In 1938 this line was suspended as financially non-viable, and from then on GAL ships served lines to ports in South America. The surviving files include contracts for transport of Jewish passengers on the Palestine line, official correspondence regarding people of Jewish birth being smuggled on the MS Piłsudski in the years 1935-1937, collective lists of pa...

  9. Waffen-SS

    • Armed SS

    The Waffen-SS, SS military units, was the largest (thirty-nine divisions) branch of the SS reaching its peak strength of 900,000 soldiers in 1944-10. Steeped in Nazi ideology and composed of many nationalities, this political army participated in the Anschluss, the occupation of the Sudetenland, and invasion of Poland, Greece, and Yugoslavia. It captured thousands of prisoners, especially in the Baltics and Russia, and aided the Einsatzgruppen when called upon to do so. They also operated the Majdanek concentration camp complex. As the Waffen-SS retreated from the Western front, many were a...

  10. Okružna uprava narodnih dobara Mostar

    • The Office for Regional Management of public property Mostar

    The Office for Regional Management of public property dealt with property and goods, land, buildings, companies, etc that were nationalized and became the state property under Communist Yugoslavia, right after World War 2. In some cases, not only property of Germans and their collaborators became state property, but also the state managed properties of those who were killed during the war (in concentration camps, etc.) or their whereabouts were unknown. In case of Jewish people, the state introduced state-management of their properties either until legal inheritors claimed the property in q...

  11. Imamat džemata Tuzla

    • Muslim Community of Tuzla

    The Muslim Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina was formally established as autonomous religious community in 1909, by the Austria-Hungary's Emperor Franz Joseph I. The organization in Tuzla survived and functioned through period of first Yugoslavian state and was closed down in 1949 by municipal Communist authorities. During the Second World War (and the rule of the Independent State of Croatia) the Muslim community received numerous requests for conversion to Islamic faith by Jewish families from Tuzla and nearby towns. The documentation includes these requests for approval of conversion, ...

  12. Valtiollinen poliisi

    • Finnish State Police
    • Valpo
    • Etsivä keskuspoliisi

    In 1919 Etsivä keskuspoliisi (Detective Central Police) was established. In 1937 it was transformed into Valtiollinen poliisi, or Valpo (the Finnish State Police). The main task of the State Police was to control public order, to prevent political subversion, and to monitor foreigners in Finland. The police’s action was directed mainly against the political left, the underground Communist Party, the trade unions and workers’ organizations. During the war time Valpo cooperated with the German security police. After the war, due to political changes, Valpo became left-wing oriented. For this ...

  13. Forverts

    • The Jewish Daily Forward

    1897-04-22/present

    The Jewish Daily Forward is a legendary name in American journalism and a revered institution in American Jewish life. Launched as a Yiddish-language daily newspaper on 1897-04-22, the Forward entered the din of New York's immigrant press as a defender of trade unionism and moderate, democratic socialism. The Forward quickly rose above the crowd, however; under the leadership of its founding editor, the crustily independent Abraham Cahan, the Forward came to be known as the voice of the Jewish immigrant and the conscience of the ghetto. It fought for social justice, helped generations of im...

  14. Circuit Garel

    George Garel was the owner of a small electrical appliance shop in Lyons. Garel established contact with Abbé Glasberg and decided to try his hand at smuggling out a group of children at a camp at Vénissieux near Lyons, who were on the point of being carried of to Drancy and Poland. On 1942-08-26, Garel and a few others cut the fence of the camp and took 108 children away on trucks to be dispersed among Christian homes and institutions. The Circuit Garel, as it was called, was swiftly organized. By mid-1943, Garel had four sub regions with their own commands, with at least twenty-nine full-...

  15. Umwandererzentralstelle

    • Central Resettlement Office
    • UWZ

    Umwandererzentralstelle was a German office that oversaw the expulsion of Poles from the Polish territories annexed to the Reich at the beginning of the Second World War and from the Zamosc province in the Generalgouvernement. The office also ran the transit camps in which these Polish exiles were held, and decided how to racially classify them. In 1942 the Umwandererzentralstelle was opened in Lublin and a sub-office was opened in Zamosc. These two offices, which had 30 branches all over Poland, were under the authority of the Higher SS and Police Leader of each region, and were supervised...

  16. Einsatzgruppe I

    • EG I

    When Hitler invaded Poland in 1939-09, a special Einsatzgruppe was attached to each of the five German armies of the invasion force, with a sixth based in Posen. Einsatzgruppe I was attached to the 14th Army. Each Einsatzgruppe was subdivided into Einsatzkommandos of 100 men. SS units, specially trained assassins, assigned terror tasks for the political administration in the Soviet Union and other eastern territories. The Einsatzgruppen worked behind the lines and murdered political opposition. The Einsatzgruppen murdered between 1.25-2 million Jews and tens of thousands of Soviet citizens ...

  17. Comité Rue Amelot

    Founded in 1940-05

    Comité Rue Amelot , a welfare and rescue group in Paris, was established by representatives of several local immigrant social service centers anxious to continue operations under the difficult circumstances of German occupation. Participating agencies included soup kitchens, health dispensaries, and other welfare centers such as the nonpolitical Federation des Societies Juives de France (FSJF) and three Zionist groups with differing orientations toward Marxism. Originally intended simply to continue the distribution of cooked meals, clothing, medicines, and health care to indigent Jews in t...

  18. Service du Travail Obligatoire

    • Compulsory Labour Service
    • STO

    Founded in 1943-02-16

    Pierre Laval introduced, on 1943-02-16, the most unpopular of his proposals, the Service du Travail Obligatoire, which at first called for young men aged from twenty to twenty-two to register to work in Germany for two years. As a consequence, young men went into hiding, draft dodging, or went into the Resistance. Only half of the age group was sent. The disappointed Laval enlarged the source of supply to men between eighteen and sixty and childless women from eighteen to forty-five. About 650.000 men and 44.000 women were sent from France to work in Germany, a total number second only to t...

  19. Centrala Evreilor

    • Jewish Central Office in Romania

    1942-02/1944-12

    Centrala Evreilor, Jewish institution similar to a Judenrat, was set up in Romania in 1942-02 by Romanian leader Ion Antonescu, in response to German pressure. The Centrala replaced the Union of Jewish Communities, which had long represented the Jews of Romania. The Centrala, run by Nandor Ghingold, was forced to carry out all orders issued by the Romanian and German authorities regarding Jewish affairs. It was charged with carrying out two contradictory tasks: helping the German authorities organize the deportation of Jews to extermination camps in Poland; and serving the Romanian authorit...

  20. Generální velitel četnictva, Praha

    • Generalkommandant der Gendarmerie, Prag
    • General Commander of Gendarmerie, Prague

    The Gendarmerie as armed police forces under the command of the Ministry of Defense existed in the Bohemian lands since the time of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. With the founding of Czechoslovakia 1918 the Gendarmerie was subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior and took over the main police duties in the state from local crime investigations until police air patrols against German and Hungarian spy overflights after 1933. The Gendarmerie was also responsible for the border control and sent illegal emigrants from Nazi-Germany, under them also Jews, back. After the establishment of the...