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Displaying items 1,501 to 1,520 of 1,698
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Holding Institution: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

  1. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 1 billion marks, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 1 billion marks, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was originally issued in 1922 by the German government in the amount of 1,000 marks but as a result of hyperinflation it was overprinted with a 1 billion amount in 1923. It features an image of the Meister of the Imperial German Mint, Jorg Herz. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Erich’s law practice in Vienna was confiscated because he was Jewish. In November, he decided to leave the country for the United States with his wife, Ella, and two step-daughters, Amelia and Gerda. Af...

  2. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 1 billion marks, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 1 billion marks, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was originally issued in 1922 by the German government in the amount of 1,000 marks but as a result of hyperinflation it was overprinted with a 1 billion amount in 1923. It features an image of the Meister of the Imperial German Mint, Jorg Herz. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Erich’s law practice in Vienna was confiscated because he was Jewish. In November, he decided to leave the country for the United States with his wife, Ella, and two step-daughters, Amelia and Gerda. Af...

  3. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 2 million marks, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 2 million marks, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was issued in 1923 by the German government during the hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic. The oak leaf garland watermark indicates a private firm printer. It features an image of the Hanse merchant, Georg Giese. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Erich’s law practice in Vienna was confiscated because he was Jewish. In November, he decided to leave the country for the United States with his wife, Ella, and two step-daughters, Amelia and Gerda. After the war ended in May 1945,...

  4. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 100 billion marks, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 100 billion marks, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was issued in 1923 by the German government during the period of hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella submitted several affidavits of support to help family members escape Europe, but Erich lost nearly all his fami...

  5. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 500 million marks, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 500 million marks, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was issued in 1923 by the German government during the period of hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic. The small circle watermark indicates a private firm printer.After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella submitted several affidavits of support to help fami...

  6. Japanese invasion money, half gulden, acquired postwar by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Japanese invasion money, half gulden, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier in 1945-1946 in Germany where he worked for the US War Department and the World Jewish Congress. Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies in March 1942 and soon began issuing invasion currency. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella submitted several affidavits of support to help...

  7. Japanese invasion banknote, 10 pesos, acquired postwar by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Japanese invasion money, 10 pesos, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier in 1945-1946 in Germany where he worked for the US War Department and the World Jewish Congress. Japan occupied the Philippines in January 1942 and soon began issuing invasion currency. The serial letters PM, suggests an early issue. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella submit...

  8. Japanese invasion banknote, 5 centavos, acquired postwar by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Japanese invasion money, 5 centavos, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier in 1945-1946 in Germany where he worked for the US War Department and the World Jewish Congress. Japan occupied the Philippines in January 1942 and soon began issuing invasion currency. The serial letters PM, suggests an early issue. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella subm...

  9. Soap bar acquired postwar by an Austrian Jewish refugee working for the WJC

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Bar of soap likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier in 1945 in Germany where he worked for the US War Department and the World Jewish Congress. He was told that it had been made from murdered Jews, although this is not true. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella submitted several affidavits of support to help family members escape Europe, but Erich lo...

  10. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 100000 mark, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 100 thousand marks [hundert tausend] mark, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was issued in 1923 by the German government during the hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella submitted several affidavits of support to help family members escape Europe, but Erich lost nearl...

  11. Maier and Gruber families papers

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    The papers consist of documents, photographs, passports, clippings, and identification cards relating to the Gruber and Maier families, their experiences in Austria, and their immigration to the United States during the Holocaust. The collection documents Erich Maier’s legal career in Austria through 1938 as well as Erich and Ella Maier’s attempts to facilitate their family members’ immigration to the United States in the 1940s.

  12. Portrait of a Jewish Lithuanian partisan, drawn by Alexander Bogen

    1. Alexander Bogen collection

    Sketch of Tuvia Szeres, a 24 year old partisan fighter known as Tevko the Tiger, created by Alexander Bogen while he was a partisan fighter in the Naroch Forest in Belarussia during World War II. Bogen was an art student in Vilna (Vilnius) in June1941 when Germany occupied Lithuania. In the Vilna ghetto, he sketched scenes of the life of his fellow Jews interned there by the Germans. “An artist doomed to death,” he said in later years, “recording and so preserving those doomed to death.” In 1943, he escaped and joined the partisans, who carried out sabotage and other actions against the occ...

  13. Unused yellow cloth Star of David badge with Juif for Jew issued in Paris

    1. Max Feld and Rose Feld-Rosman collection

    Unused Star of David badge owned by 25 year old Raisa Steinberg Feld in Paris, France, in May 1942. Jews in France were required to wear these on their outer clothing at all times after May 1942; badges were often cut from a pre-printed roll. After Paris was occupied by Germany in May 1940, foreign Jews were in danger of arrest and imprisonment. Raisa and her husband, Max, both deaf, were Jewish refugees from Poland and Germany. In May 1941, Max was arrested and, in July 1942, deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Raisa went into hiding with their 1.5 year old daughter, Esther,...

  14. Yellow cloth Star of David badge with Juif for Jew worn by a Polish refugee in Paris

    1. Max Feld and Rose Feld-Rosman collection

    Star of David badge worn by 25 year old Raisa Steinberg Feld in Paris, France, from June 1942. Jews in France were required to wear these on their outer clothing at all times after May 1942; badges were often cut from a pre-printed roll. After Paris was occupied by Germany in May 1940, foreign Jews were in danger of arrest and imprisonment. Raisa and her husband, Max, both deaf, were Jewish refugees from Poland and Germany. In May 1941, Max was arrested and, in July 1942, deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Raisa went into hiding with their 1.5 year old daughter, Esther, her ...

  15. Singer style treadle sewing machine table of the type used in Łódź Ghetto

    1. Eastern European sewing equipment collection

    Treadle sewing machines like this Singer model were used by Jewish forced laborers in Łódź Ghetto in German occupied Poland from May 1940 to summer 1944. This mass produced machine was very durable and affordable. Łódź was occupied by Germany a week after the September 1939 invasion of Poland. It was renamed Litzmannstadt and, in February 1940, the Jewish population, about 160,000 people, was confined to a small sealed off ghetto. All residents had to work and many were forced laborers in ghetto factories. Eventually, nearly 100 factories were in operation. The major ones produced textiles,...

  16. Small white tinted all bisque doll brought by a German Jewish girl to Theresienstadt

    1. Janet Beasley collection

    Porcelain kewpie style doll brought by 8 year old Jutta Grybski to Theresienstadt ghetto labor-camp, where she was held from October 1944 to May 1945. The doll belonged to Jutta’s mother when she was a girl. Jutta had a Jewish mother, Kaethe, and a Catholic father, Hans, who divorced in late 1938 in Berlin, Germany. Hans enlisted in the German Army. His Aryan status and military service would protect Jutta and Kaethe from deportation, although their lives were restricted by anti-Jewish legislation. Jutta could not attend school or use public parks. Kaethe was forced to work in a commercial ...

  17. Engraved silver cup given to Erwin Rösener by Heinrich Himmler

    Silver cup engraved with the names of Erwin Rösener and Heinrich Himmler and SS bolts, manufactured by the A. Frisch firm in Oslo, Norway. Rösener joined the SA in 1926, and was accepted into the SS in 1930. He quickly advanced through the ranks, and was promoted nine times between 1930 and 1944. Rösener attained the rank of Gruppenführer (Major General) on November 9, 1941, and his final rank of Obergruppenführer (Lieutenant General) on August 1, 1944. On December 16, 1941, he was assigned to be the Higher SS and Police Leader for Upper Section Alpenland, which was located in southern Aust...

  18. Drawing of a large white rabbit done by a Dutch Jewish man in hiding

    1. Abraham Rijksman collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn47229
    • English
    • pictorial area: Height: 7.500 inches (19.05 cm) | Width: 9.500 inches (24.13 cm) overall: Height: 11.750 inches (29.845 cm) | Width: 13.375 inches (33.973 cm) | Depth: 0.250 inches (0.635 cm)

    Colored pencil drawing of a caged rabbit on a Dutch family’s farm near Genum (Ginnum), Netherlands, created by Abraham Rijksman while in hiding on January 12, 1944. Abraham and his family lived in Amsterdam when German forces occupied the Netherlands in May 1940. His family members were all arrested and deported between October 1942 and May 1943. Abraham was arrested in August 1943, and escaped twice from transport trains to Westerbork transit camp. The second time, he escaped with a pregnant woman, whose friend gave Abraham money to travel north to Friesland. In October, Abraham was forced...

  19. Black leather infant's ankle boots worn by a German Jewish child

    1. Bruno and Jessie Korn collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn85405
    • English
    • 1939
    • a: Height: 5.375 inches (13.653 cm) | Width: 2.125 inches (5.398 cm) | Depth: 3.375 inches (8.573 cm) b: Height: 5.500 inches (13.97 cm) | Width: 2.000 inches (5.08 cm) | Depth: 4.000 inches (10.16 cm)

    Black leather baby shoes worn by Bruno Korn as a child in Hindenburg, Germany. His mother saved the shoes and gave them to Bruno, who took them with him when he left Germany in 1939. When Hitler came to power in Germany in January 1933, 22 year old Bruno, a cloth cutter, was living in Breslau with his parents, Simon and Jetka, and brother Rudolf. In April, Bruno was arrested and accused of making faces at Nazi officials. He was beaten, whipped, and forced to work construction on a future concentration camp for a week. During Kristallnacht on November 10, 1938, Bruno was arrested and sent to...

  20. From Holocaust to Rebirth commemorative bronze medal acquired by a Polish Jewish survivor of several concentration camps

    1. Herbert and Ursula Cohn Lichtenstein family collection

    From Holocaust to Rebirth bronze medal acquired by Herbert Lichtenstein, while at the first meeting of the World Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors held in June 1981 in Jerusalem. The medal was issued that year to commemorate the convention and as a symbol of the historic connection between the Holocaust and the rebirth of the Jewish State, represented in the design by a blank Star of David rising above a Star of David etched Jude sunk behind prison bars. In January 1939, 22 year old Herbert was arrested in Oberwesel, Germany, and sent to a forced labor camp. In August 1941, he was tra...