Estonia

Estonia was part of the Russian Empire in 1710–1918 and it declared independence on 24 February 1918. The secret additional protocol of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin Pact assigned the country to the Soviet sphere of interest, which resulted in a military occupation by the Red Army in June 1940 and annexation as a Soviet Republic in July 1940. After the German invasion from July to October 1941, the territory of Estonia on 5 December 1941 officially became part of the civilian occupation administration of Reichskommissariat Ostland as Generalbezirk Estland. At the same time, it remained part of the operational zone of the Wehrmacht. The Red Army re-conquered the Estonian mainland in September 1944 and the islands in November 1944. Estonia’s independence was restored in August 1991.

Before the Second World War, Estonia had a total population of 1,126,413 people according to the 1934 census. Jews constituted a tiny minority of approximately 4,400 people who lived mostly in the cities of Tallinn, Tartu and Pärnu. During the Soviet occupation, about 400 Jews were deported as “unreliable or socially alien elements” to the Soviet interior. On the eve of the German occupation, some 2,000 to 2,500 Jews managed to flee from Estonia to the Soviet rear, either as part of the evacuation of industry and offices or on their own; some Jews were drafted into military service. About 1,000 Jews who remained were murdered by Einsatzgruppe A and the units subordinated to the Kommandeur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD Estland and their local collaborators, mostly until the end of 1941. In the autumn of 1943 a network of Jewish forced labour camps was set up, mostly to exploit oil shale deposits. Up to 10,000 Jews from dismantled ghettos in Lithuania and, on occasion, from Latvia and Hungary were dispatched to these camps. Furthermore, there were transports of Jews from Germany and from the Theresienstadt /Terezín/ ghetto in the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In the summer of 1944, a part of a transport from the Drancy camp in France was sent to camps in Estonia operated by the Security Police and SD. Male prisoners considered unfit for physical labour, as well as women and children, were usually executed upon arrival. Overall, over 7,500 of those deported to Estonia perished, mainly due to harsh labour, inhuman living conditions and targeted mass executions that accompanied the camp evacuations. Less than 1,000 Estonian Jews perished in the Holocaust, but Estonia became a killing site for thousands more Jews who had been deported from other countries.

According to a December 1941 German census, there were 743 Roma in Estonia with a little more than half of them living in cities. Under German occupation, Roma were subject to arrest, imprisonment and summary execution and mass shootings often carried out under German order by local collaborators. Most of Estonia's Roma were murdered in Kalevi-Liiva near Tallinn. The exact number of Roma murdered is unknown. Estimates put the number of persecuted Roma between 800-1000 with only 5-6% of them surviving the war.

The National Archives of Estonia is the centre of archival administration in Estonia and has departments in Tallinn, Tartu, Rakvere and Valga. The National Archives is a government agency working within the domain of the Ministry of Education and Research acting on the basis of the Archives Act and Archival rules. The National Archives contain collections from Estonian public and private persons, primarily government institutions and organizations operated by government institutions; local governments; and government officials and other employees. There are also a number of archival institutions that work independently of the National Archives in Estonia like the Estonian Literary Museum. There are the archival collections at the National Library, the Library of the University of Tartu and at some museums. The registry of most of the archival collections in Estonia is the Estonian Archival Information System (see https://ais.ra.ee/en).

EHRI has identified four institutions relevant to Holocaust research in Estonia, all based in the country’s capital, Tallinn. The Administration of National Archives is located in Tartu. A new main building was opened there in 2017 and many collections that were formerly held in Tallinn were transferred to repositories in Tartu. A full list is provided in the extensive report. At the National Archives of Estonia (formerly two archives, the Estonian State Archives in Tallinn and the Estonian Historical Archives in Tartu), where most collections pertaining to the Holocaust in Estonia are stored, EHRI has completed archival descriptions of over ten collections, including records on the German Security Police and SD in Estonia. Outside of Estonia, EHRI has identified several archival institutions which hold, to various degrees, collections relevant to Holocaust-research on Estonia. These include Yad Vashem, the National Archives of Latvia, State Historical Archives of Latvia, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies and Beit Terezin.

A. EHRI approach to Estonia: Pre-existing research and available archival guides

EHRI identified the most important archival institutions holding Holocaust-relevant material in Estonia, relying on pre-existing academic research in the field, such as Ruth Bettina Birn: Die Sicherheitspolizei in Estland 1941–1944. Eine Studie zur Kollaboration im Osten (Paderborn, 2006); Estonia 1940-1945. Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity (Tallinn, 2006); Anton Weiss-Wendt, Murder Without Hatred: Estonians and the Holocaust (Syracuse, 2009). EHRI also enlisted the assistance of a local specialist and, as a result, was able to identify important collections in four central archival institutions. In a second step, these collections were described, the descriptions then translated and added to the EHRI portal, where they are now accessible in English and Estonian.

B. Characteristics of Estonia’s archival system and specific challenges

An important number of Holocaust-related sources and collections were created or are deposited in Estonia and can still be found in the country’s archives today. Access to them is mostly unrestricted, but records containing private or sensitive data may be withheld. For instance, personal data are protected for 30 years after a given person’s death, or, if the date of death is unknown, for 110 years after that person’s birth, or for 75 years after a given document’s creation if the dates of both birth and death are unknown. In a few cases the investigation files of the Soviet KGB or its predecessors NKGB, NKVD and others from the post-war period may be inaccessible due to both personal and sensitive data issues. That aside, researchers are allowed to take photographs from archival documents, or they can order, for a fee, digital or Xerox copies. On a practical level, a working knowledge of Estonian and/or Russian is helpful for any kind of archival research in Estonia. Most Holocaust-relevant documents, however, are in German. The local archival staff can provide help in English.

C. EHRI identification and description results on Estonia

C.I. In Estonia

Holocaust-relevant sources in Estonia are concentrated in the country’s capital, Tallinn, but divided among four archival institutions:

• the National Archives of Estonia [Rahvusarhiiv]
• the Estonian History Museum [Eesti Ajaloomuuseum]
• the Estonian Jewish Museum [Eesti Juudi Museeum]
• the Estonian Film Archives [Eesti Filmiarhiiv; now Department of the National Archives]

At the National Archives of Estonia, EHRI had identified and described a number of fonds containing a limited number of Holocaust-related records. The fonds Commander of the Security Police and SD, Estonian Security Police, Estonian SSR KGB may serve as examples of fonds that are highly important to Holocaust research on Estonia. Smaller numbers of relevant sources have been identified at the Estonian Film Archives and at the Estonian History Museum; the material stored in these institutions concerns mostly war crimes investigations. The holdings of the Estonian Jewish Museum mostly concern original materials and testimonies on Jewish life from the interwar period. Four regional departments of the National Archives, holding local documentation from the period after 1944, need to be investigated. They are, however, unlikely to hold significant quantities of Holocaust-related material.

EHRI’s identification and description of these archival holdings has produced an easily accessible overview of Holocaust-relevant sources in Estonia that was previously unavailable in English.

C.II. In other countries

Outside of Estonia, EHRI has identified more archival institutions holding, to various extents, collections relevant for Holocaust research. For instance, the National Archives of Latvia, State Historical Archives of Latvia [Latvijas Nacionālā arhīva, Latvijas Valsts vēstures arhīvs] hold the collections Wehrmacht Commander in Ostland and Commandant’s Office of the Security Police and the SD, both of which are relevant to Holocaust research on the Baltic States in general and to Estonia in particular. Furthermore, Yad Vashem, Beit Terezin and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum have collected and/or copied relevant material, e.g. on deportees to Estonia or from Estonian archives respectively.