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Displaying items 81 to 100 of 2,688
Search result ordering
Language of Description: English
Authority Type: Corporate Body

  1. Centralne Towarzystwo Opieki nad Sierotami I Dziećmi Opuszczonymi

    • Central Organization for Orphan Care
    • CENTOS

    Founded in 1924

    The Centralne Towarzystwo Opieki nad Sierotami I Dziećmi Opuszczonymi was a voluntary organization set up in 1924 to unite voluntary child-care organizations throughout Poland under one agency. CENTOS operated aid organizations for children and youth, including orphanages, boarding and trade schools, day-care centers, food- and clothing-distribution centers, and children’s camps. It also provided funding to foster families. Prior to the German invasion of Poland, CENTOS functioned more than two hundred Policies cities and cared for tens of thousands of children. CENTOS was very active in th...

  2. International Committee of the Red Cross

    • CICR - Comite International de la Croix-Rouge
    • CICR
    • Red Cross

    1863/present

    The International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in 1863 as a humanitarian organization to moderate between belligerents and to monitor application of humanitarian international law. This body was charged to oversee humane conditions in POW camps among civilian internees during wartime, but gained limited access to concentration camps. With the exception of two visits to Dutch inmates interned at Buchenwald in 1940, and the inspection of Theresienstadt at the behest of the Danish government (where they were fooled in by the SS in 1944), the Red Cross was never able to enter concentr...

  3. Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland

    • Central Council of Jews in Germany

    1950-07-19/present

    The foundation of the Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland, along with the Constituent Assembly, took place in Frankfurt (Main) on 1950-07-19. The delegates were sent by Jewish communities that had already been established in the four occupied zones of Germany, which had been placed under American, British, French and Soviet administration. At the time of foundation there were still some 15,000 Jews living in Germany. A Directorate of four people took charge of the affairs of this umbrella organization. 15 representatives of the communities formed a board known as the Council. Frankfurt beca...

  4. Einsatzgruppe B

    • EG B

    1941/1944

    Einsatzgruppe B, 655 troops initially, had its headquarters in Smolensk. Areas of operation were Belorussia and Smolensk district. Its first commander was SS-Obergruppenführer Arthur Nebe. He was implicated in the 1944-07-20 assassination attempt against Hitler and executed in the spring of 1945. Himmler replaced him with SS-Gruppenführer Erich Naumann and later SS-Oberführer dr. Horst Böhme and SS-Standartenführer dr. Heinz Seetzen. SS units, specially trained assassins, assigned terror tasks for the political administration in the Soviet Union and other eastern territories. The Einsatzgru...

  5. Velika župa Vrhbosna

    • Province of Vrhbosna

    Two months after the creation of "Independent State of Croatia", which included Bosnia and Herzegovina, on 10th of June 1941 new legislation was created which formed new regions (velike župe). The state had 22 of these regions at first: Zagorje, Prigorje,Bilogora, Baranja, Vuka, Posavlje, Livac i Zapolje, Gora, Pokuplje, Modruša, Vinodol, Gacka i Lika, Pribir i Sidraga, Cetina, Hum, Dubrava, Usora i Soli, Lašva i Glaž, Pliva i Rama, Krbava i Psat, Sana i Luka, and Vrhbosna. As a head of each "velika župa" there was a governor (veliki župan) that had ministerial authority and led complete ci...

  6. Comité Général de Défense des Juives

    • General Jewish Defense Committee
    • CGDJ

    Founded in 1943-06

    In France it was after the occupation still possible to save thousands Jews by unifying all of the Jewish forces. This objective led to the creation of Comité Général de Défense des Juives in 1943-06. All of the social and political organizations of immigrant Jews united in this committee around a common program. In the spring of 1944, the CGDJ joined with native-born Jews (represented by the Consistory) to form the Conseil Représentatif des Juifs de France (Representative Council of the Jews of France). For the first time in the history of the Jews in France they were brought together in o...

  7. Central Jewish Committee of the Bergen Belsen Displaced Persons Camp

    • Central Jewish Committee of the Bergen Belsen D.P. Camp
    • CJC

    Bergen-Belsen was liberated by the British Army on 1945-04-15. There were approximately 58,000 survivors at the time of the liberation, of whom approximately 28,000 died from disease and starvation during the first weeks after the liberation. A Displaced Persons (DP) camp was established in Bergen-Belsen and the survivors immediately began to organize themselves. They set up the Central Jewish Committee of the Bergen Belsen Displaced Persons Camp, headed by Josef Rosensaft. The CJC and its various departments took responsibility for the physical and spiritual needs of the camp’s residents. ...

  8. Народный комиссариат внутренних дел

    • The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
    • Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del
    • НКВД
    • NKVD

    1917-1946

    The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was a law enforcement agency of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the All Union Communist Party. It was closely associated with the Soviet secret police, which at times was part of the agency, and is known for its political repression during the era of Joseph Stalin. The NKVD contained the regular, public police force of the USSR, including traffic police, firefighting, border guards and archives. It is best known for the activities of the Gulag. The NKVD conducted mass extrajudicial executions, ran the Gulag system o...

  9. Francs-Tireurs et Partisans

    • FTP - French Fighters and Partisans
    • FTP

    1942/1944-02

    The Francs-Tireurs et Partisans, set up in the spring of 1942, resulted from the merger of three militant communist groups: the Organisation Spéciale, formed in 1940 to protect communist leaders; the group of young communists, the first to attack German soldiers; and the fighters of the Main-d’Oeuvre Immigrée. The FTP was the military arm of the communist Front National, which decided that about 20 per cent of its members would take part in it. With the introduction of the abhorred Service du Travail Obligatoire, non-communists joined the FTP for self-protection to avoid work in Germany, as...

  10. Federatia Uniunilor de Comunitati Evreiesti

    • Federation of Jewish Communities
    • FUCE

    The president of the Federatia Uniunilor de Comunitati Evreiesti, Dr. Wilhelm Filderman, was the initiator and political leader of Jewish life at that historical moment when the Jewish community in Romania was confronted with the most complex problems of its entire history. Although his activity had to be focused on solving everyday problems (as all the anti-Semitic measures had a direct effect at this level), his efforts did not have only an administrative dimension. Solving those many problems required great tact, political vision, flexibility, and the capacity to adapt to a specific hist...

  11. Einsatzgruppe D

    • EG D

    1942/1943

    Einsatzgruppe D, 600 troops initially, had its headquarters in Piatra-Neamt, Romania. Areas of operation were southern Ukraine, Crimea, Ciscaucasia. Dr. Otto Ohlendorf commanded Einsatzgruppe D. Himmler replaced him with SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei dr. Walter Bierkamp. SS units, specially trained assassins, assigned terror tasks for the political administration in the Soviet Union and other eastern territories. The Einsatzgruppen worked behind the lines and murdered political opposition. The Einsatzgruppen murdered between 1.25-2 million Jews and tens of thousands of Sovie...

  12. International Refugee Organization

    • IRO

    1946/1952-01

    International Refugee Organization, temporary specialized agency of the United Nations that, between its formal establishment in 1946 and its termination in 1952-01, assisted refugees and displaced persons in many countries of Europe and Asia who either could not return to their countries of origin or were unwilling to return for political reasons. Beginning operations on 1947-07-01, the IRO took over the work of its principal predecessor organization, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. Among the services supplied by the IRO were the care and maintenance of refugee...

  13. Žydų mokslo institutas (JIVO) Vilniuje

    • Žydowski instytut naukowy (JIWO) w Wilnie
    • Institute for Jewish Research (YIVO) in Vilnius

    "In 1925, the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research was founded in Vilna (Wilno, Poland; now Vilnius, Lithuania), by key European intellectuals, including Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, to record the history and pioneer in the critical study of the language, literature and culture of the Jews of Eastern Europe. From its inception, YIVO was deeply concerned that the language and culture of East European Jewry were undergoing radical change in a rapidly modernizing world. YIVO's founders were tireless in collecting the documents and archival records of Jewish communities across Eastern Europ...

  14. Hlinkova Garda

    • Hlinka Guard
    • HK

    Founded in 1938

    Hlinkova Garda was a militia established in Slovakia by the pro-Nazi Hlinkova slovenská l’udová strana (Hlinka Slovak People’s Party) after the Munich Conference of 1938, in which Western leaders allowed Hitler to occupy the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia. The Hlinkova Garda was named for Andreij Hlinka, a Slovak nationalist who died that same year. Members of the guard were given military training and were urged to hate Jews, Czechs, and supporters of the left. They wore black uniforms and used the Nazis’ raised-arm salute. In 1942, the HG and other collaborationists aided local police a...

  15. Légion des Volontaires Français Contra le Bolchevisme

    • Legion of Volunteers against Bolshevism
    • LVF

    Founded in 1941

    The Légion des Volontaires Français Contra le Bolchevisme, led by Jacques Doriot, Eugène Deloncle and Marcel Déat, was set up as collaborationist groups in mid-1941. Initially, about 10,000 volunteered to fight in Nazi uniforms against the Soviet Union. About 3,600 did actually fight, though poorly because of insufficient training, in 1942 on the eastern front. A reorganized LVF unit served in operations against partisans in eastern Europe. Because of its fear that Doriot and the LVF would become to powerful, Vichy took it over in 1942-07, renaming it the Légion Tricolore. The military su...

  16. Alliance Israélite Universelle

    • AIU

    1860/present

    The Alliance Israélite Universelle was set up by Adolphe Crémieux in 1860, originally to ‘reconcile Judaism with the modern world’, to combine Jewish identity for those ‘attached with [their] heart to the ancient religion of [their]fathers’ with French culture. The Alliance was created for the greater emancipation and moral progress of Jews and for relief of those who suffered, for civic equality and for strengthening self-improvement. Yet, through its influential school system it became a potent force for instilling French culture inside and outside the country, for furthering French inter...

  17. Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants

    • Children’s Aid Society
    • OSE

    Founded in 1912

    Begun by physicians in Russia in 1912 as Obshchestvo Zdravookhraneniya Yevreyev (Society for the Protection of the Health of Jews), the organization expanded into many European countries with significant Jewish populations and focused increasingly on the welfare of children in its care. Relocating to Paris in 1933, the organization assumed the name Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants. OSE ran a number of orphanages in France for Jewish refugee children and, when the deportations of Jews in France began in 1942, organized an underground effort to smuggle many of the children from OSE orphanages to...

  18. Wehrkreis

    • Military districts

    One of the principle reasons for the continued cohesion of the German Army was the very method by which units were raised, refitted, and rotated. Central to the raising and refitting of divisions stood the Wehrkreis system. The goal of the Wehrkreis system was to relieve field commanders from as much administrative work as possible while providing a regular flow of trained recruits and supplies to the field army. In this it succeeded to a great extent despite the system’s apparent complexity. By 1943 there were a total of 19 Wehrkreise in Germany and the occupied territories. Each army divi...

  19. Interessen Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft

    • IG Farben

    1925-12-09/1945-11-30

    Interessen Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft had been founded on 1925-12-09, with the recording of the merger contract between the German chemical companies Bayer, BASF, Agfa, Griesheim-Elektron, Weiler-ter Meer and Hoechst. IG Farben became the sinister symbol of the economic power of the Nazis during World War Two. The production included poison gases and foreign, often forced and sometimes enslaved, laborers made up one-half of the 333.000 personnel. Because of the company’s entanglement and active participation in the crimes of the Nazi regime the Allies ‘decartelized’ IG ...

  20. Naamloze Vennootschap

    • The limited group

    The Naamloze Vennootschap, an underground group, saved the lives of 250 Jewish children during World War II. Most of the children rescued by the Naamloze Vennootschap were smuggled out of the Dutch Theater in Amsterdam, where they and other Jews had been assembled for deportation to the Westerbork camp. They were then taken from Amsterdam by different routes to safe havens in various areas, especially the southern Dutch province of Limburg. Nearly 50 of these children were accompanied to safe hiding places by Baroness Anne Marie van Verschuer, one of the groups’ members. The group also supp...