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Displaying items 81 to 100 of 10,261
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  1. Leather creaser with a pointed triangular head used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Arrow shaped leather creasing tool used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they were released. Due to...

  2. Wooden awl haft with chuck used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Wooden stitching awl handle with chuck which would hold a stitching needle used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union ...

  3. Straight needle awl with an .875 inch needle used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Straight awl needle used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they were released. Due to a bombing raid...

  4. Leather creaser with a curved needle point head used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Wooden handled leather creasing tool with an S-curved, needle tipped head used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union i...

  5. Dark brown whetstone used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Dark brown sharpening stone used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. In January 1940, after the Germans detained the family within a barbed wire enclosure for deportation from Kalisz, Poland, Simon realized he had forgotten his razor and whetstone. His 9 year son David snuck through the fence, into their boarded up house, and then back into the prison with the retrieved items. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept...

  6. Leather creaser used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Leather creasing tool used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they were released. Due to a bombing ra...

  7. Aluminum suitcase used by Jewish Polish postwar refugees

    1. Regina and Samuel Spiegel collection

    Silver aluminum suitcase used by Regina and Shmuel Spiegel when they emigrated in October 1947 from Germany to the United States. In April 1941, Regina Gutman, 15, escaped the Radom ghetto in German occupied Poland to join her sister Rozia in Pionki. She worked in a munitions factory, where she met Shmuel, 20. He had left Kozienice ghetto in September 1942 to work in Pionki labor camp. In fall 1944, the inmates were transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. They promised to meet in Kozienice if they survived the war. Men and women were separated upon arrival. Regina was transfer...

  9. Curved needle stitching awl used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Wooden handled stitching awl with a curved needle used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they were r...

  10. Stitching awl with a 1.25 inch needle used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Wooden handled stitching awl with a 1.25 inch needle used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they wer...

  11. Dark red shoe wax used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Dark red shoe wax used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. He used the wax to coat threads and seal edges to prevent moisture leaks. During the war, when the family was starving in Russia, Simon's wife used some as a replacement for cooking fat. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territo...

  12. Stitching awl with a 1 inch curved needle used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Wooden handled curved 1 inch stitching awl used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they were released...

  13. Brown shoe wax used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Brown shoe wax used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. He used the wax to coat threads and seal edges to prevent moisture leaks. During the war, when the family was starving in Russia, Simon's wife used some as a replacement for cooking fat. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory,...

  14. Wrist watch kept by a Hungarian Jewish concentration camp inmate

    1. George Ogurek Zimmerman family collection

    Wrist watch purchased by Karola Ogurek in Budapest, Hungary, around October 1943 after fleeing Kamionka, Poland, with her 10 year old son, Jurek, husband Alexander, and her parents Helene and Izak Fiszer. She kept the watch with her, even during incarceration in Auschwitz. In March 1944, after Germany invaded Hungary, the family tried to go to Slovakia but were arrested and turned over to the Germans. They were sent to a Polish POW camp, but released by the commandant. They went back and forth between Slovakia and Hungary seeking refuge. In April 1944, they were arrested and sent to Sered l...

  15. Ostwald family collection

    The Ostwald family collection consists of biographical materials, correspondence, diaries and memoirs, photographs, photo albums, and negatives related to the Ostwald family of Dortmund, Germany; the Strauss family; the Tendlau family; and the Weinberg family. The biographical materials series includes genealogy materials, family trees, and research files regarding various branches of the Ostwald family. The file on August Niemeyer (1887-1938), Martin Ostwald’s favorite Latin teacher, includes Niemeyer’s obituary and copy prints of the Dortmund school Martin attended. Materials relating to ...

  16. Portrait of a Hungarian Jewish woman

    1. Brust family collection

    Portrait of Livia Brust painted in 1943. Livia was living in Budapest, Hungary, with her husband, Elek, and their daughter, Eva, when Hungary joined the German-led Axis Alliance in November 1940. Elek was a prominent member of the Jewish community in Budapest and a prosperous manufacturer. Beginning in late 1940, Jewish males were required to do forced labor service and Elek was sent to a labor camp. Livia managed the business while he was gone, and eventually obtained his release with black market papers. In 1943, Elek was conscripted again, and not released until March 1944. Later that mo...

  17. Regina and Halina Goldwag papers

    1. Regina and Halina Goldwag collection

    The collection documents the Holocaust-era experiences of Regina (née Zak) Goldwag and her daughter Halina (later Halina Rosenberg), both of Warsaw, Poland. Both women survived the war under the false identities of Polish non-Jews Jadwiga and Halina Orlowska. Documents of Halina Goldwag include wartime documents under the false identity used while she was a forced-laborer in several concentration camps in Leipzig, immigration papers, and restitution documentation. Photographs include pre-war family photographs of the Zak and Goldwag families, post-war photographs of Halina and Regina in the...

  18. Paper merchandise bag from a clothing store run by Austrian Jewish women

    1. Leopold and Herta Stoer family collection

    This paper merchandise bag was made for use in the children’s clothing store that Hilda Schwarzbart ran with her mother, Pauline, in Vienna, Austria. The bag was brought to the United States by Hilda’s sister, Herta Schwarzbart Stoer, when she immigrated in February 1939. Hilda lived in Vienna with her parents, Pauline and Arthur Schwarzbart, and four siblings: Herta, Fritz, Ella, and Hansi. Arthur died from tetanus in November 1914 during his military service in World War I. As a result, Pauline had to close the lingerie business they ran together before the war, and send the younger child...

  19. Czerner, Fröhlich, and Porges families papers

    The Czerner, Fröhlich, and Porges families papers contain correspondence, identification documents, immigration documents, school certificates, photographs, and a photograph album relating to the Czerner, Fröhlich, and Porges families living in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) before and during World War II and the Holocaust. The correspondence centers on the emigration of Max and Irma Czerner from Prague to the United States with their infant son in 1939. The correspondence relates their efforts to secure visas and transportation for their young daughters, Helga and Raya Czerner...

  20. Paper merchandise bag from a clothing store run by Austrian Jewish women

    1. Leopold and Herta Stoer family collection

    This paper merchandise bag was made for use in the children’s clothing store that Hilda Schwarzbart ran with her mother, Pauline, in Vienna, Austria. The bag was brought to the United States by Hilda’s sister, Herta Schwarzbart Stoer, when she immigrated in February 1939. Hilda lived in Vienna with her parents, Pauline and Arthur Schwarzbart, and four siblings: Herta, Fritz, Ella, and Hansi. Arthur died from tetanus in November 1914 during his military service in World War I. As a result, Pauline had to close the lingerie business they ran together before the war, and send the younger child...