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Displaying items 21 to 40 of 2,688
Search result ordering
Language of Description: English
Authority Type: Corporate Body

  1. HICEM

    Founded in 1927

    HICEM is established in 1927, with the goal to help European Jews emigrate. HICEM was formed with the merger of three Jewish migration associations: Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, which was based in New York; Jewish Colonization Association, which was based in Paris but registered as a British charitable society; and Emigdirect, a migration organization based in Berlin. By the time the Second World War broke out in 1939-09, HICEM had offices all over Europe, South and Central America, and the Far East. Its employees advised and prepared European refugees for emigration, including helping the...

  2. Bergen-Belsen Memorial

    • Gedenkstäte Bergen-Belsen

    After the outbreak of World War II, the Wehrmacht set up a camp for Belgian and French prisoners of war in huts at the edge of the Bergen Military Training Area. The camp was significantly expanded in the spring of 1941. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, over 21,000 Soviet POWs were deported to the camp until the autumn of 1941. Between July 1941 and April 1942, 14,000 Soviet POWs died there of starvation, disease and exposure. In April 1943, the SS took over the southern section of the camp and turned it into an “exchange camp” for Jewish prisoners. The SS decided in the s...

  3. Organization Schmelt

    1940/1944

    Organization Schmelt was a program of forced labor, which was first imposed upon the Jews of Eastern Upper Silesia and later extended to other areas. In effect from 1940 to 1944. Organization Schmelt was named for its director, SS-Oberführer Albrecht Schmelt. Organization Schmelt began establishing forced labor camps for Jews in 1940. The camps were built next to factories where war materials were manufactured, so that Jewish labor could be exploited. In 1941-03 SS chief Heinrich Himmler decided to use Jews from Organization Schmelt camps to construct even more factories. While previously t...

  4. Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft-Metalwarenfabrik

    • HASAG

    Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft-Metalwarenfabrik was one of the privately owned German companies that used concentration camp prisoners as forced laborers. HASAG manufactured armaments and was the third largest of such companies, after I.G. Farben and the Herman Goering Works. In 1932 a Nazi Party member and SS Officer named Paul Budin became general manager of HASAG. In 1933 the company became the German army’s regular ammunitions supplier. In 1943 HASAG was officially designated as a Wehrmachtsbetrieb, a company working for the armed forces. In 1939 its classification was raised to that...

  5. Garda de Fier

    • Iron Guard

    Founded in 1927

    The Garda de Fier was a fascist and anti-Semitic movement in Romania, whose members were known as ‘Legionnaires’. Originally established in 1927 under the name ‘legion of the Archangel Michael’ and organized into paramilitary units, the Garda de Fier soon became a mass political movement. It was officially dissolved in 1933, but continued to function, even receiving the third largest number of votes in Romania’s 1937 election. During the mid-1930s the Garda de Fier also established ties with the Nazi regime in Germany. In 1938, Romania’s King Carol II again outlawed the Garda de Fier. Nonet...

  6. Turkish government

    In examining the decision-making process in the Turkish government during the Second World War years two factors must be kept in mind; the government during this period was authoritarian, and power was very centralized. The Grand National Assembly, the Parliamentary Group of the CHP, the Cabinet and Inönü. This power structure included practically all the politically active elements in Turkish society. Yet despite Italy’s entry into the war in 1940-06 and the subsequent Axis campaign in the Balkans, which culminated in Germany’s invasion and defeat of Yugoslavia and Greece in spring 1941, T...

  7. Württembergisches Staatsministerium

    • Württemberg State Ministry

    Zur Beratung aller allgemeinen Staatsangelegenheiten wurde durch Gesetz vom 1. Juli 1876 das Staatsministerium errichtet. Ihm gehörten alle Minister an, die nun die Amtsbezeichnung "Staatsminister" führten. Die Leitung der Geschäfte sowie die Dienstaufsicht über das - geringe - Personal der neuen Behörde übernahm der vom König aus dem Kreis der Minister bzw. Departementschefs ernannte Ministerpräsident. Dieser hatte auch den Vorsitz bei den Beratungen des Staatsministeriums inne, sofern der König abwesend war. Zur Bearbeitung der Geschäfte und zur Teilnahme an den Beratungen wurden dem Staa...

  8. Landesheilanstalt Meseritz-Obrawalde

    • Regional Treatment Institute in Międzyrzec-Obrzyce
    • Krajowy Zakład Leczniczy w Międzyrzeczu–Obrzycach

    This was a hospital for mental and nervous illnesses. Most of the surviving files (in all 4,626 items) are the personal and case notes of patients (call no. 148-4626) and the personal files of nurses and auxiliary personnel. The papers of the hospital’s director and the doctors who took part in the euthanasia programme are missing, however. From 1933 and throughout World War II, Obrzyce was the site of crimes against individuals both sick and healthy who came into conflict with the German Nazis. From 1939 the hospital in Obrzyce was a transit point for sick people destined for sites of mass...

  9. Centralverein Deutscher Staatsbürgers Jüdischen Glaubens

    • Central Union of German Citizens of Jewish Belief
    • CV

    1893/1938

    The Centralverein Deutscher Staatsbürgers Jüdischen Glaubens was dedicated to protecting the civil and social rights of Jews in Germany, while at the same time, cultivating their German identity. The Centralverein, active from 1893/1938, was originally established in response to the rise of political anti-Semitism. Part of the union’s platform was to view Jews as a religious group. When the Nazi party rose to national power in 1933, the union opened a legal office to fight for Jewish rights, and initiated an information campaign, which at first tried to calm German Jews. After the anti-Jewi...

  10. Estnische Selbstschutz

    • Estonian Home Guard
    • Eesti Omakaitse

    1941-1944

    In August 1941, the commander of the German occupying army unit Nord, Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, decided to better secure the rear and so gathered the troops composed of the Forest Brothers who had participated in the Summer War. The new organisation was called the Estonian Home Guard and was subordinate to local civilian authorities (Estonian Self-administration). Territorially, the Home Guard was divided into 13 county units. Their leaders took orders from local police prefects. The Home Guard was a voluntary organisation; the minimum age for schoolchildren was 17 years of age, and for othe...

  11. Comité Inter-Mouvements Aupres des Evacues

    • CIMADE

    Founded in 1939-09

    Comité Inter-Mouvements Aupres des Evacues was a protestant youth group created by the World Young Women Christian Association, the Young Men's Christian Association and the federation of Student Christian Movements in 1939-09. It was initially organized to assist residents of Alsace and Lorraine evacuated from the war zone by the French government. The organization had one clear conviction: the youth movements must unite in a common service to those whom the war had torn from their homes, the ‘displaced’. One of their activities was the opening, in the spring of 1942, of homes accredited t...

  12. Vichy France

    • Vichy Regime

    Founded in 1940-06-22

    Following the German defeat of France in 1940-05, French and German officials signed an armistice on 1940-06-22. Under its terms, northern France came under direct German occupation. Southern France remained unoccupied and was governed by a French administration, headquartered in the city of Vichy. In July the French National Assembly voted to suspend the constitution of the Third Republic and placed the new ‘Vichy regime’ under the leadership of the aging Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain. Officially neutral, Vichy France collaborated closely with Germany. In closely patterned on that of Germa...

  13. Comisia Autonoma de Ajutorare

    • Autonomous Refugee Aid Committee

    The Comisia Autonoma de Ajutorare was established in Romania, Bucharest, after the unsuccessful iron guard revolt and accompanying pogroms of 1941-01. The committee was instituted by leaders of the Union of Jewish Communities, Zionists, businessmen, and women known for their aid activities, in order to amass funds and supplies for the pogrom victims. After the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in mid-1941 and the Romanian authorities began deporting Jews to the region of Transnistria, many new volunteers joined the committee. They provided aid to victims of other persecutions, including the ...

  14. Ústredňa štátnej bezpečnosti

    • ÚŠB

    The State Security Headquarters (Ústredňa štátnej bezpečnosti, Slovak abbreviation ÚŠB, English abbreviation SSH) was the highest police authority of Slovak Republic (1939-1945). It was the secret service and political police of Tiso´s regime with the defensive intelligence task. The State Security Headquarters existed officially from January 1, 1940 but the decision to create such body was made much earlier, in Fall 1939. By 1942 the SSH existed within the Police department of the Ministry of Interior. From July 1942 it functioned as the separate body with the competence over the whole ter...

  15. Comité de Défense des Juifs

    • Jewish Defense Committee
    • CDJ

    Founded in 1942

    In 1942 the Comité de Défense des Juifs was established as part of the Belgian underground to aid and rescue the nation’s Jews. The CDJ hide thousands of children with non-Jewish families and religious organizations, published clandestine anti-Nazi newspapers, and created false identification papers for Jews in hiding. In addition, they tried to sabotage the German war machine by setting fire to factories and derailing trains. They especially were active against those persons and organizations that they believed were providing useful information to the Nazis. In the summer of 1942, the Comi...

  16. Nationaal Socialistische Beweging

    • National Socialist Movement
    • NSB

    1931/1945

    The Nationaal Socialistische Beweging was a Nazi movement, established by the Dutch nationalist Anton Adriaan Mussert. Its platform borrowed full paragraphs from that of the German Nazi party, but left out all paragraphs referring to Jews. Jews were able to join the NSB. In the 1935 Dutch provincial elections, the Nationaal Socialistische Beweging received eight percent of the country’s vote. This stunned the traditional Dutch political parties, who could not believe that the Nazi Party would gain so much support, and the Catholic church, who could not believe that so much of that support c...

  17. Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei

    • National Socialist German Workers Party
    • NSDAP

    Founded in 1917

    The Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei started as an appendage of the Thule-Gesellschaft formed in 1917. Anton Drexler and other railroad workers founded the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, which often held meetings in Thule quarters. In 1919, Hitler was sent by army intelligence to spy on the party and quickly became its chairman of propaganda and soon its leader. He added the term Nationalsozialistische to Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, which became ‘Nazi’ in common vernacular. By 1932, it was the largest single party in Germany, but not the majority. In the election that year, Nazis polle...

  18. Reichsleiterio Rosenbergo operatyvinio štabo okupuotoms sritims Darbo grupė Lietuvoje

    • Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg für die besetzten Gebiete Arbeitsgruppe Litauen
    • Vilnius Branch of the Rosenberg Operative Command of the Lithuanian General Region

    In September 1941, the Nazis established the Vilnius and Kaunas divisions of the Alfred Rosenberg Headquarters. The goal of these units was to collect Lithuania’s Jewish artistic and cultural valuables, which amounted to the plundering and destruction of a large portion of Lithuanian Jewry’s cultural heritage. The Strashun, Balosher, and YIVO libraries, the Sh. An-sky Museum and the Kaunas Society of History and Ethnography were ransacked. A group of approximately twenty inmates from the Vilnius ghetto were forced to assist the Rosenberg Headquarters in this infamous work. Those Jewish inte...

  19. Badisches Ministerium des Innern

    • Baden Ministry of the Interior

    Das Innenministerium wurde im Jahre 1808 gegründet. Ihm unterstanden die Generalstudien-, die Sanitäts- und die Staatsanstaltenkommission. Nach den Umorganisationen der Jahre 1809 und 1812 war das 1. Departement für die Bereiche Landeshoheit, Polizei und Ökonomie zuständig, das 2. Departement aber für die evangelischen und katholischen Kirchenangelegenheiten, die in jeweiligen Kirchensektionen behandelt wurden. Nach einer nur kurzfristigen Verbindung mit dem Justizministerium 1854-1859 wurden die wirtschaftlichen Kompetenzen dem 1860 eingerichteten Handelsministerium zugewiesen, das aber 18...

  20. Evreiskii Antifashistskii Komitet

    • Jewish Antifascist Committee
    • EAK

    1942/1948

    In 1942-04 the Soviet government founded several antifascist committees. The Evreiskii Antifashistskii Komitet was the only one that represented a national group. The committee’s goal was to call on the Jews of the World, mainly American Jewry, to join the struggle against Nazi Germany. It used Jewish themes, symbols, and the names of prominent Jews to attract the attention of this target group. The committee was also one of the first institutions to document the atrocities of the Holocaust and the activities of the Jewish resistance. It worked with the Soviet Government Commission for the ...