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Displaying items 3,581 to 3,600 of 14,600
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Language of Description: English

  1. Consistoire Central des Israelites de France

    • Central Consistory of the Jews of France

    Founded in 1808

    Representative body of French Jewry, established in 1808, which was historically responsible for Jewish religious life in France. At first, the Consistoire leadership counseled French Jewry to cooperate with the anti-Jewish restrictions set in place by the Vichy government, in order to preserve their dignity. At the same time, the Consistoire protested against the racial laws, and opposed the establishment of the Union of French Jews, an organization set up by the Vichy government to represent French Jewry. The Consistoire was not dissolved by the Vichy authorities; throughout the war it ke...

  2. Hananel Asher Isakov

    • Hananel, Asher Isakov, 1895-
    • Hananel, Asher Isakov, b. 1895
    • Hananel, Ašer, b. 1895
    • Hananel, Ascher Isakoff, b. 1895

    1885

    1964

    Chief Rabbi of Sofia, contacted Archbishop Stephan, with fellow Chief Rabbi Daniel Zion, to prevent the deportation of 800 Sofian Jews.

  3. War Refugee Board

    • WRB

    Founded in 1944-01-22

    The War Refugee Board was an ad hoc agency created on 1944-01-22 by Executive Order 9417. Its purpose was to circumvent obstruction by the U.S. State Department and rescue Jews. The impetus for the Board came from Josiah DuBois, John Pehle and Randolph Paul. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had been lobbied by Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morganthau Jr. to create the Board. This proposal was opposed by Secretary of war Henry Louis Stimson and secretary of State Cordell Hull. In addition, rescue legislation was pending in the Senate, crafted by the Bergson Group. The Board was funded l...

  4. Auswärtiges Amt

    • Foreign Office of the German Empire
    • AA

    1870/present

    The term "Auswärtiges Amt" was first used to designate the Foreign Office established in 1870 by the North German Confederation, which became the Foreign Office of the German Empire in 1871. This is still the name by which the German foreign ministry is known today. In Bismarck's time the Auswärtiges Amt had only two directorates: the Political Directorate and a second Directorate responsible for foreign trade and other issues as well as legal and consular matters. During the Weimar Republic the AA was reorganized along modern lines. Under the Third Reich the AA was part of the apparatus of...

  5. Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees

    • IGCR

    Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees was a rescue organization set up as a result of the Evian Conference to search for new areas of large-scale Jewish settlements, find ways of pressuring the German government to release Jews, and prompt Evian nations (thirty-two) to accept Jews. The IGCR’s lukewarm rescue efforts were ineffective and did not lower immigration barriers. Its very existence, a mere token, frustrated other rescue plans.

  6. Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants

    • Children’s Aid Society
    • OSE

    Founded in 1912

    Begun by physicians in Russia in 1912 as Obshchestvo Zdravookhraneniya Yevreyev (Society for the Protection of the Health of Jews), the organization expanded into many European countries with significant Jewish populations and focused increasingly on the welfare of children in its care. Relocating to Paris in 1933, the organization assumed the name Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants. OSE ran a number of orphanages in France for Jewish refugee children and, when the deportations of Jews in France began in 1942, organized an underground effort to smuggle many of the children from OSE orphanages to...

  7. Union Générale des Israélites de France

    • General Union of the Israelites of France
    • UGIF

    Founded in 1941-11-29

    In 1941-11-29 a Vichy Law established the Union Générale des Israélites de France, a national Jewish representation, with separate branches in the northern and southern zones. Among the various reasons given by Vichy for the establishment of this representation was the increased poverty resulting from diverse anti-Jewish measurements. At any rate this was advanced as one of the reasons by those Jews who chose to lead this Vichy creation. Indeed the problem was serious. The suffering Jewish population could only call on the network of immigrant organizations, operating semi-legally or illega...

  8. General Zionists

    • Zionist Organization in Poland

    Founded in 1916

    The General Zionists, founded in 1916 under the umbrella of the World Zionist Organization, was aiming to establish a homeland for the Jews in Palestine. In Poland, Zionists strove for national and cultural autonomy, protected Jewish economic rights and interests, strengthened national identity, and organized emigration to Palestine. General Zionists were divided into three factions: Et Liwnot (A time to build), the moderate group; Al Hamishmar (On guard), which had a leftist social program; and the New Zionist Organization (Revisionists), the radical right wing.

  9. Hashomer Hatzair

    • השומר הצעיר

    Founded in 1913.

    Zionist socialist youth movement created in Galizia (at that time a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). Hashomer Hatzair forthwith adopted a Zionist ideology and stressed the need for the Jewish people to normalize their lives by changing their economic structure (as merchants) and to become workers and farmers, who would settle in the Land of Israel and work the land as "chalutzim" (pioneers). They were influenced, as well, by the burgeoning socialist movement, and they dreamt of creating in their new homeland a society based on social justice and equality. During the Holocaust Hasho...

  10. Antonescu Ion

    • Antonescu, Ion, 1882-1946
    • Antonescu, Jon 1882-1946
    • Antonescu, Ion. 1882-1946
    • Antonescu-Hitler, ... 1882-1946
    • Antonescu, I. 1882-1946
    • ...

    15/07/1882

    01/06/1946

    Marshal and statesman who became dictator of the pro-German government during World War II. 1940 Prime minister with absolute powers, established a military dictatorship and openly embraced the Axis powers. In the summer of 1941, Antonescu ordMarshal and statesman who became dictator of the pro-German government during World War II. 1940 Prime minister with absolute powers, established a military dictatorship and openly embraced the Axis powers. In the summer of 1941, Antonescu ordered the expulsion of 150,000 Jews from Bessarabia, Bukovina, and the Dorohoi district, survivors of earlier ma...

  11. Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle

    • Ethnic Germans Welfare Office
    • VoMi

    The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle was a SS welfare and repatriation office for ethnic Germans headed by Werner Lorenz. It organized the large-scale looting of Jewish property in occupied areas.

  12. Ustasa

    • Ustasha

    1930/1940-05

    Ustasa was a Croatian fascist party that controlled the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of Nazi Germany, from 1941 to 1945. This organization helped to implement the Holocaust in Croatia. Under leader Ante Pavelic, the Croatian state persecuted its Serb, Jewish, and Roma populations. Thirty thousand Jews and 325.000 to 333.000 Serbs were murdered in the territory of the Independent State of Croatia under the Ustasa government.

  13. Rosenbaumová, Kamila (* 28.8.1908)

    Born 1908 in Vienna. Rosenbaumová worked as a children's care worker in the youth home for girls in L 410. Starting in spring 1943 she rehearsed the children's book "Broučci" as a dance theatre together with young children in Terezín. Transported to Terezín in January 1942. Transported to Auschwitz in 1944 and sent to Terezín with an evacuation transport in 1945. Liberated in Terezín in May 1945.

  14. Central Location Index

    • CLI

    The Central Location Index (CLI) was established by various relief organizations in May 1944. The goal of the CLI was to concentrate data regarding refugees and those missing.

  15. Alliance Israélite Universelle

    • AIU

    1860/present

    The Alliance Israélite Universelle was set up by Adolphe Crémieux in 1860, originally to ‘reconcile Judaism with the modern world’, to combine Jewish identity for those ‘attached with [their] heart to the ancient religion of [their]fathers’ with French culture. The Alliance was created for the greater emancipation and moral progress of Jews and for relief of those who suffered, for civic equality and for strengthening self-improvement. Yet, through its influential school system it became a potent force for instilling French culture inside and outside the country, for furthering French inter...

  16. Generální velitel četnictva, Praha

    • Generalkommandant der Gendarmerie, Prag
    • General Commander of Gendarmerie, Prague

    The Gendarmerie as armed police forces under the command of the Ministry of Defense existed in the Bohemian lands since the time of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. With the founding of Czechoslovakia 1918 the Gendarmerie was subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior and took over the main police duties in the state from local crime investigations until police air patrols against German and Hungarian spy overflights after 1933. The Gendarmerie was also responsible for the border control and sent illegal emigrants from Nazi-Germany, under them also Jews, back. After the establishment of the...

  17. Polska Partia Socjalistyczna

    • Polish Socialist Party
    • PPS

    Founded in 1892

    The Polska Partia Socjalistyczna was established in 1892 by descendants of the Polish nobility and Polonized Jews from Warsaw. PPS combined the ideology of socialism with the Polish insurrectionary tradition.

  18. Heydrich Reinhard

    • Heydrich, Reinhard, 1904-1942
    • Geĭdrikh, Reĭngard 1904-1942
    • הידריך, רינהרד
    • Heydrich, Reinhard
    • Heydrich, R. (Reinhard), 1904-1942
    • ...

    07/03/1904

    04/06/1942

    Founder of the SD, 1936 head of the Sicherheitspolizei (Sipo), 1939 Head of the RSHA, 1941 appointed by Hermann Göring to prepare a "solution to the Jewish question". Covened the Wannsee conference. 1941 appointed Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor in Böhmen und Mähren, and killed 1942 by the Czech resistance movement.

  19. Neurath Constantin Freiherr von

    • Neurath, Konstantin Hermann Karl von, 1873-1956
    • Neurath, Konstantin Freiherr Von
    • Neurath, Konstantin, Freiherr von, 1873-1956
    • Neurath, Konstantin Hermann Karl, 1873-1956
    • Neurath, Konstantin ˜vonœ 1873-1956
    • ...

    02/02/1873

    15/08/1956

    German Foreign Minister (1932-1938). Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1943).

  20. Frank Karl Hermann

    • Frank, Karl Hermann
    • Frank, Karl Hermann, 1898-1946
    • Frank, Karl H. 1898-1946
    • Frank.
    • Frank, K. H. 1898-1946
    • ...

    24/01/1898

    22/05/1946

    SS-Gruppenführer. In 1936, deputy of Henlein, in 1938 appointed deputy NSDAP-Gauleiter Sudetengau. From 1939 to 1944 state secretary (Staatssekretär) at the Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren, at the same time Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer. Executed.