Double sided caricature of a couple made as a gift for one camp inmate by another

Leo Haas was born on April 15, 1901, in Opava, Czechoslovakia, Austro-Hungary (now Czech Republic), formerly Troppau, an ethnic German region in Silesia. Leo was the oldest of four children in a Jewish family. He received art training while a youth. In 1919, Haas moved to Karlsruhe, Germany, to attend the Art Academy. He supported himself by working as a musician in local bars and by selling paintings. In 1922, he moved to Berlin where he studied with Emil Orlik and Wilhelm Jäckel. He absorbed the bold, dramatic styles of the Expressionist and Modernist movements flourishing in the city. He closely studied the work of graphic artists such as Goya and Toulouse-Lautrec in his 1923 travels in France. In 1925, he moved to Vienna, Austria, and established himself as a portraitist and newspaper caricaturist. In 1926, Haas returned to Opava, where he continued his career as painter and graphic artist, and set up a lithography studio. He also designed sets for a local theater troupe. Haas married Sophie Hermann in 1929. He was active in the Communist Party and several artist’s cooperatives. In the fall of 1938, Nazi Germany annexed the Sudetenland border of Czechoslovakia, which included Opava. Antisemitism surged after the takeover. Haas’s work was denounced as degenerate. After the Kristallnacht pogrom on early November, he and his wife moved to Ostrava to live with her parents. In March 1939, Germany annexed the provinces of Bohemia and Moravia. German allies took over other regions and Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. There were widespread arrests of Jews, Communists, and prominent community members. In June, Jews were barred from most economic activity and property was confiscated. That September, Germany invaded Poland, the start of the Second World War. Haas was arrested for being a Communist and sent to Nisko labor camp near Lublin in German occupied Poland, where he drove supply wagons. He made portraits of SS camp personnel, in exchange for extra food and art supplies. He also secretly made drawings of camp life, of which over 100 were saved. The camp closed circa April 1940, and Haas returned to Ostrava. His wife fled, but Haas would not leave his father and sister. He did forced labor in the sewers. He met Erna Davidovitc, who became his second wife. Her parents were involved in underground activities, helping people and goods to cross borders illegally. After his father died in 1941, Haas joined in this work. In August 1942, Haas was arrested by the Gestapo for smuggling. He was released but on September 30, Haas, Erna, her parents, and his sister Elvina were sent on transport Bm to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Men and women were housed separately at the camp. Haas was initially assigned to the railroad construction crew. But he was soon transferred to the technical department, headed by Bedrich Fritta, which created artwork, maps, charts, and other materials for the German SS camp administrators. Their work included architectural drawings which allowed them to move around the camp. It also gave them access to art supplies and Haas and a group of artist dedicated themselves to documenting the dreadful conditions of daily camp life, such as the search for food, prisoner transports, starving and hanged prisoners, and the many ill and dying residents. They met secretly at night to draw, as their accurate recording of camp activity was forbidden. Some artwork was smuggled out of the camp, while the remainder was hidden throughout the camp, in the walls, or buried. The technical department worked on the beautification project as the SS prepared the camp for a June 23, 1944, Red Cross visit. Later the month, the SS discovered that drawings had been smuggled out of the camp. Haas, Fritta, Ungar, and Ferdinand Bloch were arrested. On July 17, they were sent to the Gestapo prison in the Small Fortress. Their families were arrested: Leo’s wife Erna, Fritta’s wife Hansi and their 3 year old son Tomas, Felix Bloch’s companion, Otto Ungar’s wife and 5 year old daughter. The art dealer Leo Strauss and his wife who helped smuggle the art were jailed. The men were taken to the basement, beaten, tortured, and interrogated by Adolf Eichmann and an officer named Günther. No one confessed. Haas later described how Eichmann “acted as if he were in the deepest soul affected by the slanderous accusations.” Gunther showed him a work with skeletal Jews fighting over potato skins and asked how he could make such a reality distorting drawing? Did he really think there was starvation the ghetto? The Red Cross did not find this?" The men were assigned to hard labor constructing railroad lines. Haas’s leg was injured, but with help from his friends was able to recover. In October 1944, they were convicted of distributing atrocity propaganda outside the camp. Haas and Fritta were deported to Auschwitz, arriving there on October 28, 1944. Haas was assigned prisoner number 199885. Fritta died a week later of blood poisoning. For the next three weeks, Haas worked in Block 24, and made sketches for Dr. Josef Mengele. Subsequently, he was transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and issued a new prisoner number 118029. He was assigned to the counterfeiting unit working on fake US currency. At the end of February 1945, Haas and his group were transferred to Mauthausen, and in April to Redl-Zipf and Schlier labor camps. On May 5, he was taken to Ebensee concentration camp where he was liberated the next day by American troops. The war ended when Germany surrendered on May 7. When Haas was allowed to leave Ebensee, he returned to Theresienstadt, where he found all his hidden works, nearly 400, as well as many works by Fritta, Ungar, and Fleischmann. He reunited with his wife Erna, who had survived a year in solitary imprisonment and was in very poor health. Many of his friends had been killed. Fritta’s wife died of illness in Theresienstadt in February 1945. Bloch was beat to death by the Gestapo in the Small Fortress in October 1944. Ungar, the first of the group deported to Auschwitz, was eventually sent to Buchenwald where he died of typhus shorty after liberation in April 1945. His wife Frida and daughter Susanna survived. Leo Strauss and his wife were murdered in Auschwitz. Haas and Erna adopted Tomas (1941-2015), the orphaned son of Bedrich Fritta and settled in Prague. Haas remained a committed Communist, taught at the Art Academy, and was a celebrated editorial cartoonist. A book of lithographs of his drawings of camp life was published in 1947. Haas also ensured that the work of Fritta and the others was publicly displayed to bear witness to the machinations of the Nazi’s planned final solution. Following Erna's death in 1955, Haas moved to East Berlin, where he was the editor of a satiric illustrated journal, Eulenspiegel. His third wife was named Inge. Haas also designed movie sets for DEFA and East German television. He exhibited his artwork widely, and continued to create works exploring the misery of life in the camps. Haas donated most of his wartime work to the Terezin Memorial and the State Jewish Museum in Prague. Haas, 78, died in 1983.

Karel Fischer was born on September 19, 1889, to Jewish parents, Augusta and Moritz (b. Jan. 8, 1861) Fischer, in Klatovy, then part of Austro-Hungary, now Czech Republic. He had a sister Helene, born on January 2, 1891. As a young man, he served as an officer in the Austrian Army during World War I (1914-1918). At some point, he joined the Czech Legion, a division of the Russian Army, which was fighting against Germany and Austro-Hungary in the war. The legion was formed with the hope of getting support for the establishment of their homelands of Bohemia and Moravia as free states, no longer part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Karel was stationed in Siberia and participated in the occupation of the Trans-Siberian railroad connection. When the Bolshevik revolution caused the collapse of Russia, these troops were stranded in Vladivostok in 1920. They eventually returned to Prague via India. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Prague became part of the new, independent country of Czechoslovakia. Karel returned to Prague. He was a civil engineer and worked for the Czech Ministry of Transportation. In 1922, his sister Helene married Richard Bruml, born in 1884. Richard was in business with his brother Jindrich. Jindrich's two sons, Karel and Otto, became very close to Karel and considered him their uncle. Karel married Irma on March 20, 1938. In September 1938, Hitler was given permission by the western countries to absorb the Sudetenland border region of Czechoslovakia. In March 1939, Nazi Germany violated the pact and invaded and annexed the Bohemia and Moravia provinces. German allies absorbed other regions and Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. The provinces were governed by a Reich Protector. Jews were banned from Czech society. They were forced out of government positions and most professions. They could not run businesses, or participate in organizations and associations. Karel, who spoke German, was permitted to continue to work because of his specialized expertise and war veteran status. Karel's brother-in-law Richard Bruml was secretary of the Social Democratic Party in Pilsen. He was arrested and jailed as a political prisoner at Schloss Nr. in Rottenburg am Neckar. In September 1939, Germany invaded neighboring Poland. In September 1941, Jews were required to wear Star of David badges to mark them as outcasts from society. In late September 1941, Heydrich, the SS head of RSHA, Reich Main Security Office, was made Reich Protector. As part of his preparations to permanently solve the Jewish problem, he ordered the establishment of a prison complex, Theresienstadt, the German name for Terezin, about 40 miles north of Prague. Because of Fischer's railroad and transportation expertise, an order was sent on November 28, 1941, to the Jewish Community Council requiring Fischer to appear for an official mission at the camp. Karel, accompanied by his wife Irma and mother Augusta were transported with household belongings on AK1 transport train to Terezin. Karel was ordered to build a rail spur from Bauschowitz (Bohusovice) to Terezin. The early transports had to walk from Bohusovice to Terezin, and extension spurs were needed for efficiency. He was later in charge of all the road and rail construction in the camp, including building spurs for the transports for Auschwitz. On December 10, 1941, his brother-in-laws brother and his family, Jindrich and Irma Bruml, and their children, Karel, Anna, and Otto and his wife Irma, arrived in Theresienstadt. Karel Bruml was housed in Karel Fischer's barrack, and the elder man got Karel a job, first with the ghetto police and then with the technical department. On October 26, 1942, Karel Bruml and his family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. On November 30, 1942, Karel Fischer's father Moritz and sister Helena arrived from Klatovy on transport Ce. 372. Helene had been notified in May 1942 that her husband, Richard Bruml, had committed suicide in prison. After she paid the bill for his cremation, his ashes were returned. When friends and relatives were deported from Terezin, they often left their personal belongings with Karel. He was well liked by his staff and other inmates in Terezin. For one of his anniversaries, the staff had a caricature made of Karel by an inmate, Leo Haas. Other inmates, such as Peter Kien, also gave him items expressing their gratitude for some favor Karel had done for them. His position did come with some privileges. Karel, his wife, and her mother were able to have their own room, and he got extra rations for his parents and sister. His father died on April 30, 1944. Fischer requested that his sister's deportation be delayed, but on October 23, 1944, she was deported to Auschwitz and killed. Fischer, his wife and mother were still at the camp when it was liberated in early May 1945. He returned to Prague, and learned that his other family members were killed. Karel Bruml returned to Prague, having survived Auschwitz-Birkenau, Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna), Gleiwitz, Nordhausen, and Bergen-Belsen. Karel returned to work at the transportation ministry until his retirement. Karel Bruml left for America, but returned to visit Karel Fischer, with his wife, Hana, also a Prague native and survivor. Karel's wife Irma passed away in 1972. Karel, 86, died in 1975.

Karel (Charles) Bruml was born on October 5, 1912, to Jindrich and Irma Schindler Bruml in Prague, Czech Republic, Austro-Hungary. Jindrich was born in 1882 in Strazov to Abraham and Anna Steinreich Bruml and had approximately 10 siblings. Jindrich was a businessman and owned several shoe factories. Irma was born in 1885 in Trebenice to Jacob and Anna Getreuer Schindler. Karel had 2 younger siblings: Otto, b.1916, and Anna, b. 1922. Karel’s family was prosperous and employed a maid. They spoke Czech and German. They were Jewish, but did not keep kosher and rarely attended synagogue. Karel attended a Czech school and took art classes at his synagogue and with a private teacher. Karel’s father often partnered with his brother Richard, b.1884, on business deals. Richard was married to Helene Fischer and Karel was very close to her brother Karel Fischer (1889-1975), a railroad engineer and transportation expert, whom he thought of as an uncle. Karel was a draftsman at a design company. On September 29, 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland border region. On March 15, 1939, Germany invaded Prague and absorbed the Bohemia and Moravia provinces, which were governed by a Reich Protector. Karel’s uncle Richard was secretary of the Pilsen branch of the Czechoslovakian Social Democratic party, and was jailed in Germany as a political prisoner. Several antisemitic regulations were enacted: Jews lost their jobs and property; were banned from areas of the city or shopping at certain times. Karel was fired because he was a Jew and his father’s businesses were confiscated. The family had to turn their radio and valuables over to the authorities. Jews were not allowed to have gold or silver, so Karel’s father hid jewelry and bought cheap jewelry to turn over instead. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded neighboring Poland, and World War II began when Great Britain and France declared war. In September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, SS chief of Reich security, became Reich Protector. Jews were required to wear Star of David badges to make them easy to identify. Mass deportations of Jews from Prague began. Karel Fischer was deported in the first transport in late November to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp, 40 miles north of Prague. On December 10, Karel, his parents, Jindrich and Irma, his siblings, Otto and Anna, and Otto’s wife, Irma, b.1920, were sent to Theresienstadt. Karel was separated from his family and placed in a barrack with members of the Judenrat (Jewish Council), including Fischer. Fischer was also in charge of transportation and railroad construction for the camp. Fischer arranged for Karel to get a job in the ghetto order police. Karel stood on a street corner and directed the flow of people moving around the camp. Fischer later got Karel a position in the camp technical department. He recorded statistics and made charts and graphs for the German SS camp command. Karel had to report the statistics to the commandant, and sometimes got yelled at or threatened if the statistics were not to his liking. After one report, Karel witnessed 7 men get executed for crimes including writing to a family member and possessing cigarettes. It was a large department and, in their free time, the artists who worked there could secretly do work of their own. The department was headed by Bedrich Fritta and Karel also worked with Leo Haas, Peter Kien, and Jiri Lauscher. Karel’s father and brother worked in the kitchens, preparing the watery soup that was the main food. On October 26, 1942, Karel’s parents and his sister Anna were selected for deportation. Karel tried to convince the camp authorities that his job recording statistics made him indispensable, and thus his family should be allowed to stay in the camp with him. This did not work, so Karel volunteered to be deported with them. They were put on separate cattle cars on a filthy, overcrowded train car. Karel was nominated as the leader of his car. The train never stopped and there was no food. There was a single barrel for a toilet and an elderly man died while using it. When the train arrived at Auschwitz concentration camp in German occupied Poland, Karel had to remove the man’s body. When he returned to the platform, he was unable to find his family. Karel was given a striped uniform and a new prisoner number, 71061, was tattooed on his forearm. After a week, Karel was sent on a forced march to Auschwitz III – Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. He was given soup when he arrived at the camp, but it tasted so terrible that he couldn’t eat it and gave it to other inmates who told him that it would taste good soon enough. He was placed on a work crew that moved concrete and bricks in 12 hour shifts. Shortly after Karel arrived, several camp guards were looking for someone to draw a birthday card for their commander. Karel found a pencil and paper and drew the card for them. This was a risky thing to do, because if the commander did not like the card, he would be killed. The commander liked the card and, as a reward, Karel was placed on a new work team. He painted numbers on uniforms. This was a very good job, and allowed him to paint a new, lower Buna number, 107310, on his cap. This made it appear as though he had been in the camp a long time and had some authority. He was eventually replaced by a German opera singer. He was given a new job tracking statistics for I.G. Farben, the German company that used camp slave labor to produce rubber. Karel continued painting numbers during the evenings to get extra soup. On January 18, 1945, the camp was evacuated as the Russians closed in. Karel was sent on a 2 day forced march to Gleiwitz, an Auschwitz subcamp. He stuffed rags in his shirt to stay warm. He then was placed on an open-air cattle car to Nordhausen, a Mittelbau-Dora subcamp in Germany. Karel did not get assigned to work right away, so he hid in a haystack for 10 days. When he came out, he was recognized by a capo, who had Karel draw pictures for him. Karel worked with other artists instead of on a construction crew. In March, Karel was placed on a 4 day transport to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. In late March or early April, Karel and a group of friends escaped from the camp through an unlocked door. They went to a farmhouse, where they were given food and a place to sleep. Karel stayed at the farmhouse until British soldiers arrived and told him that he had to return to Bergen-Belsen, which had been liberated by British troops on April 15, 1945. On May 7, Germany surrendered. Karel worked for UNRRA, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in the camp, but after 3 weeks returned to Prague to look for his family. Karel’s mother, father, and sister, Irma, Jindrich, and Anna, were killed at Auschwitz in late October 1942. His brother, sistein-law, and aunt, Otto, Irma, and Helene Fischer, were deported to Auschwitz in September 1944. Irma and Helene were killed upon arrival. Otto died in 1945 at Buchenwald. Karel’s uncle Richard was reported as having committed suicide in prison in May 1942. Karel Fischer, his wife, and his mother returned to Prague from Theresienstadt. In order to claim his family’s property, Karel had to report them as deceased at a government office. While at the office, Karel met 23 year old Hana Schiff Suk (1922 – 2000), a survivor of Theresienstadt and Kadowa-Sackisch slave labor camp. They decided to go to America and marry. Hana left for New York in May 1946. On August 1946, Karel flew to New York City to join her. They married on December 31, 1946. Karel, now Charles, and Hana moved to Washington, D.C. in 1947. Charles completed art school and was a commercial artist and art director. Hana earned a doctorate and was a clinical psychologist. The couple often returned to Prague to visit friends and family. Charles, 85, passed away on March 22, 1998, in Arlington, Virginia.

Hana Müller (Mueller; later Bruml) was born May 30, 1922, to Richard and Hedvika Zappner Müller in Prague, Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic). Her father was born in 1885 in Chocen, Czech Republic, Austro-Hungary, to Emanuel and Antonia Müller. Richard was a tinsmith and owned a workshop. Her mother was born April 17, 1891, in Prague, to Isidor and Marie Heller Zappner, and had one sister, Gizela, born 1888. Hana’s maternal grandparents, Isidor and Marie (b.1856), lived with her family in the Jewish quarter; Isador died in 1925. The family was prosperous and employed a maid. They spoke Czech and German. Hana attended a Zionist school, then a Czech school. She attended business school for a year and worked as a typist. From 1933, when the Nazi regime came to power in Germany, Prague saw a large influx of Jews fleeing persecution. In September 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland border region. In March 1939, Germany annexed the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, which included Prague, which were governed by a Reich Protector. Other regions were absorbed by German allies and Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. Jews lost their jobs and their property. Hana’s father’s workshop was confiscated. He could not find work and it was difficult to get enough food. Hana tried to leave, but could not get a US visa or German passport. On September 1, Germany invaded neighboring Poland. Jewish men could be conscripted for forced labor at any time. On November 14, 1939, Hana married Rudolf Schiff, b.1919, at City Hall. They got their own room when one of the families boarded at Rudolf’s parent's home was relocated. Hana began working for the Palestine Office, which facilitated emigration to Mandate Palestine. In September 1941, Heydrich, SS Chief of RSHA, became Reich Protector, and prioritized the expulsion of Jews to concentration camps. Jews were required to wear a yellow Star of David badge at all times to make them easy to identify. Transports were announced daily in the papers. Rudolf and Hana learned that the transports were going to a camp in Terezin, Theresienstadt in German, about 40 miles north of Prague. Rudolf contracted scarlet fever and was hospitalized for several months. On July 20, 1942, Hana’s parents, Richard and Hedvika, and her grandmother Marie were sent to Theresienstadt. On August 10, 1942, Rudolf and Hana received transport notices. At the train station, they were assigned prisoner numbers, 984 and 1101, and taken to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. Her parents told Hana that her grandmother Marie had died on August 3, and was buried in a mass grave. Rudolf was still sickly and was not assigned to work. Hana was well-connected and knew the nickname of the head of the labor department and used this information to get assigned as a nurse at the camp hospital. Men and women were housed apart and Hana lived with 8 nurses near the hospital. Rations were watery soup, and twice a week, a dumpling. Hana traded her wedding ring for extra bread and at times bought food on the black market. She worked 12 hour shifts, 6 nights a week, assisting the 4 doctors, cleaning the hospital and patients, and administering the small quantity of poor quality medicine. She was often charged with caring for the elderly and the terminally ill. The overcrowding, lack of food, and poor sanitary conditons in the camp aided the spread of disease and thousands died every month. Hana was given small, hard, pieces of caked soap that did not clean well, but it was all she had for herself, her clothing, and often, for the hospital. She became an infectious disease nurse, and received extra food and occasional access to a bathtub. She visited Richard, whose health had worsened, when she could and gave him much of her extra food. Their marriage was strained and eventually she told him she considered it over. On October 8, 1942, Hana’s parents, Richard and Hedvika, were deported east. In late 1942, several members of Hana’s extended family arrived, including her cousins Jiri and Irma Lauscher and their daughter Michaela, age 5. Several family members were deported east soon after arrival. Hana developed a relationship with a Jewish Czech doctor, Bruno Mandl (b.1912), and they planned to marry after the war. On July 5, 1943, Rudolf’s parents, Richard and Marta, arrived at the camp, and his brother Karel on September 11. On December 15, 1943, Rudolf, Richard, Marta, and Karel were deported to Auschwitz. On October 1, 1944, Bruno was deported and Hana volunteered to go with him. They were put on a dirty, overcrowded train to Auschwitz in German occupied Poland. As they neared the camp, the inmates told new arrivals to throw their belongings to them over the fences. A female prisoner did so, and was shot by a guard. She was the first person Hana saw killed in a camp. The new arrivals were directed to go left or right by a man wearing white gloves. Bruno was sent right. Hana asked to go with him and was shoved left. She was directed to a room and ordered to undress and line up to see if she was pregnant. Her hair was shaved and she had to take a cold shower. While she was showering, someone stole her last possession, a pair of warm boots. She was issued a filthy striped uniform and wooden clogs. She shared a pallet and a blanket with 4 other women in her barrack. Later that month, a man came to the barracks and chose Hana and 3 of her friends for labor. The women were given new uniforms and transported to Kudowa-Sackisch slave labor camp, a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Poland. Hana was placed in an unheated barrack run by a cruel Sudeten German woman. Rations were small and they gave themselves hope by talking of the food they would make if they could. The factory was on the other side of the town and the walk was so cold that Hana turned a sock into gloves that she shared with her friends from Auschwitz. She worked on a manufacturing line in a Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke factory where she made airplane parts, alongside Italian and Soviet prisoners of war and some German soldiers that were being punished. Hana worked in 12 hour shifts with female SS guards. The poor quality materials often broke and Hana would be blamed. She spent her long shifts worrying that she would not survive. In April 1945, the factory ran out of raw material and work was halted. On May 5, 1945, the guards opened the camp gates and released the prisoners. Hana walked to the nearby Czech town of Nachod, where she was received warmly by the townspeople. On May 7, Germany surrendered. On May 8, Hana returned to Prague to look for her family. Hana’s mother and father, Hedvika and Richard, had been murdered at Treblinka killing center in 1942. Several family members, including her aunt Gizela and her husband and children, were killed upon arrival in Auschwitz in October 1942. Hana’s husband Rudolf and his family were killed upon arrival in December 1943. Her fiance Bruno had been killed when they arrived in Auschwitz in 1944. Her cousins, the Lauschers, returned to Prague from Theresienstadt. Hana changed her surname from Schiff to Suk. In order to claim her family’s property, Hana had to go to a government office to report them as deceased. While there, she met 33 year old Karel Bruml, born in Prague, who had survived Theresienstadt and several concentration camps. They planned to go to America and marry. In May 1946, Hana sailed to the US and went to live in New York City with a relative. In August, Karel arrived. On December 31, 1946, Hana and Karel, now Charles, married at City Hall. In 1947, the couple moved to Washington, D.C. Hana received a doctorate in clinical psychology and began a long, successful career. Charles was a commercial artist. The couple often returned to Prague to visit friends and family. Charles, 85, passed away on March 22, 1998, in Arlington, Virginia. Hana,78, passed away on August 7, 2000, in Arlington.

The watercolor drawing was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1989 by Charles and Hana Bruml.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Charles and Hana Bruml

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.