Shoemaker's round file of the type used in Łódź Ghetto

Identifier
irn3429
Language of Description
English
Alt. Identifiers
  • 1990.285.4.6
Level of Description
Item
Source
EHRI Partner

Extent and Medium

overall: Height: 11.000 inches (27.94 cm) | Width: 1.000 inches (2.54 cm) | Depth: 1.000 inches (2.54 cm)

Archival History

The file was acquired by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1990.

Acquisition

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection

Scope and Content

Round file, possibly for a shoemaker, similar to those used by Jewish forced laborers in the Łódź Ghetto in German-occupied Poland from May 1940 to summer 1944. Łódź was occupied by Germany a week after the September 1939 invasion of Poland. It was renamed Litzmannstadt, and in February 1940, the Jewish population of about 160,000 people was confined to a small, sealed-off ghetto. All residents had to work, and 85 percent of the ghetto population labored in nearly 100 factories. The major ones produced textiles, including uniforms for the German Army. Occupying authorities seized much of the specialized machinery from the Jewish population, forcing them to use hand techniques for production. Due to severe overcrowding and scarce food, disease and starvation were common. The Judenrat (Jewish Council) administered the ghetto for the Germans, and chairman Mordechai Rumkowski thought hard work and high output would preserve the ghetto. However, in January 1942, mass deportations to Chelmno killing center began; half the residents were murdered by the end of the year. In summer 1944, Łódź, the last ghetto in Poland, was destroyed and the remaining Jews were sent to Chelmno and Auschwitz-Birkenau killing centers.

Conditions Governing Access

No restrictions on access

Conditions Governing Reproduction

No restrictions on use

Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements

Long, pointed file with a rounded and curved wooden handle. The body consists of a long, cylindrical metal rod, with a wavy, rough-textured surface. On one end, the rod tapers to a jagged, broken point, and the other end has a round, metal ferrule that fits on top of the turned wood handle. Attached to the bottom end of the handle is a small, black, leather hanging tab with a small slit in the center. The surface of the wooden handle is worn, rough, and delaminating.

Corporate Bodies

Subjects

Genre

This description is derived directly from structured data provided to EHRI by a partner institution. This collection holding institution considers this description as an accurate reflection of the archival holdings to which it refers at the moment of data transfer.