Shoemaker's square file of the type used in Łódź Ghetto
Extent and Medium
overall: Height: 11.000 inches (27.94 cm) | Width: 1.250 inches (3.175 cm) | Depth: 1.250 inches (3.175 cm)
Archival History
The file was acquired by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1990.
Acquisition
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection
Scope and Content
Square file, possibly for a shoemaker, similar to those used by Jewish forced laborers in the Łódź Ghetto in German-occupied Poland from May 1940 to summer 1944. Łódź was occupied by Germany a week after the September 1939 invasion of Poland. It was renamed Litzmannstadt, and in February 1940, the Jewish population of about 160,000 people was confined to a small, sealed-off ghetto. All residents had to work, and 85 percent of the ghetto population labored in nearly 100 factories. The major ones produced textiles, including uniforms for the German Army. Occupying authorities seized much of the specialized machinery from the Jewish population, forcing them to use hand techniques for production. Due to severe overcrowding and scarce food, disease and starvation were common. The Judenrat (Jewish Council) administered the ghetto for the Germans, and chairman Mordechai Rumkowski thought hard work and high output would preserve the ghetto. However, in January 1942, mass deportations to Chelmno killing center began; half the residents were murdered by the end of the year. In summer 1944, Łódź, the last ghetto in Poland, was destroyed and the remaining Jews were sent to Chelmno and Auschwitz-Birkenau killing centers.
Conditions Governing Access
No restrictions on access
Conditions Governing Reproduction
No restrictions on use
Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements
Long, pointed hand tool with a rounded wooden handle. The body of the tool consists of a long, square metal rod, with a rough-textured surface. The rod tapers to a rounded point at the end, and the other end fits into the top of a dark, balloon-shaped wood handle. Attached to the rounded bottom of the handle is a small, black leather hanging tab with a small slit cut in the center. The surface of the wooden handle is heavily worn.
Corporate Bodies
- Litzmannstadt-Getto (Łódź, Poland)
Subjects
- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Poland.
- Jewish ghettos--Poland--Łódź--Economic aspects.
- Poland.
- Poland--History--German occupation, 1939-1945.
- World War, 1939-1945--Conscript labor--Poland--Łódź.
Genre
- Object
- Tools and Equipment
- Hand tools.