Black plastic Star of David badge worn by a German Jewish forced laborer

Lotte Zagorska (later Charlotte Pogel, 1920 - 2016) was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), to Leopold Leib (b.1891) and Sarah Friedlich Zagorski (b.1895). Leopold was born in Breslau and along with his brother Jakob and their half-brother Wolf Gross, sold wine and spirits. Sarah was born in Jelen, Poland, to Yaakov and Keina Friedlich and had many siblings. Lotte had a half-brother, Samuel (later Shmuel Givon, 1914 - 2000), from her mother’s first marriage. Lotte’s father travelled during the week for work, but would return to their modest apartment for the weekend. They were an observant family, kept kosher, and celebrated Shabbat and high holidays. Lotte had many cousins in Breslau and attended a local German grammar school and a Hebrew school. On January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, and the Nazi regime passed legislation to oppress and disenfranchise the Jewish population. Many at Lotte’s school supported these policies, which led her to transfer to a private Jewish school by March. In the mid 1930’s, Lotte’s brother, Samuel, immigrated to Palestine. Lotte also wanted to leave Germany, and received an affidavit of support from a friend in the United States. She thought it would be safer to wait for her quota number in another country, so she asked an uncle in the Netherlands to sponsor her. He mistakenly filled the paperwork out incorrectly and her visa was rejected. In 1938, Lotte graduated from school. Leopold’s company was “aryanized.” In order to keep working, he had to transfer to a branch in Katowice, Poland. In October, Lotte’s family boarded a train to Katowice and at the border, the authorities removed Lotte and strip searched her. Lotte’s uncle Wolf Friedlich owned a restaurant in Katowice, and her family moved in with his family. Several relatives were also living there, including her uncle Arnold Friedlich, his family, and cousin Halbert (later Yaakov Ben Shalom). Following the November 9 and 10, Kristallnacht pogrom in Germany, her uncle Wolf Gross joined them. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Lotte and her family were living in Jaworzno and fled toward Krakow on foot. While hitching a ride on a cart, Lotte and Leopold were almost shot during a misunderstanding with Polish authorities. Eventually everyone returned to Jaworzno. In October, Lotte secretly returned to Breslau while her friend Ada Oschinsky tried to get her a British work permit. In July 1940, Lotte returned to live with her mother in Jaworzno and learned that her father and cousins had been arrested in Berlin. Lotte worked as a dental assistant and began teaching German and English to Jewish children for money. After more than a year of trying to get her father and cousins out of jail, Lotte snuck across the border to attend their trial. They were released thanks to the efforts of the lawyer Lotte had hired. Once he and Lotte returned to Jaworzno, her father was conscripted into a forced labor group that built streets. In early May 1942, Lotte was transported to a transit camp in Sosnowitz (now Sosnowiec), where she recognized Herta and Ruth Michaelis. They suggested that she ask to be deported with them so that she wouldn’t be alone, and she agreed. They were deported to Wolta-Gabersdorf forced labor camp in Libeč, Czechoslovakia (now Trutnov, Czech Republic) where Lotte worked 12 hour shifts on the factory floor of a cotton spinning mill making uniform material. She woke to a whistle at 4 am and used black coffee to wash her hair because it was warmer than the wash water. There were also Belgian forced laborers, Czech workers, and British prisoners of war. The POWs would converse and share some of their Red Cross care packages with the prisoners. Lotte was well-educated, so she was moved into the factory office to work alongside her friends. In mid-March 1944, the factory became a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen Concentration camp. The prisoners were forced to remove their clothing and were assigned prisoner numbers. Lotte was given number 21968. As the Soviets advanced, the factory shut-down, the SS removed Nazi paraphernalia from the camp, and Lotte, Herta, and Ruth were told to burn incriminating documents. On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered, and 2 days later the camp was liberated by Soviet forces. Lotte became very weak and fell ill for 3 weeks. Lotte went to Prague, and in mid-September, she received a British transit visa and went to stay with her friend Ada in London. She worked in a coat hanger factory, and then as an assistant bookkeeper at a film company. After 6 months, her visa expired, and a refugee cousin in the US got her an expedited American visa. In July 1946, Lotte arrived in the US and made her way to Chicago, Illinois, where she Americanized her name to Charlotte. She stayed with relatives and found work as a bookkeeper. Her cousin Halbert Friedlich had survived the war and told her that in 1942, he and Charlotte’s father, Leopold, had been transported to Markstädt forced labor camp, where he died before a forced march in 1944. She later learned that her mother, Sarah, and aunt were likely transported to Auschwitz killing center and murdered in summer 1942. All of her relatives in Katowice and Jaworzno had also perished. Through friends, she met Hans William Pogel (1906 - 1986), a widowed Jewish refugee from Berlin who had immigrated to the US in 1937, served in the US army, and had a young daughter. On April 7, 1948, Charlotte married Hans Pogel and the couple later had a son. In 1968, Charlotte and Hans moved to Florida and retired.

The Star of David badge was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2017 by Deborah Pogel, the daughter-in-law of Charlotte Pogel.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Deborah Pogel

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.