Alone, a minimalist steel sculpture symbolizing the alienated existence of a refugee

Peter Deutsch (later Dallos) was born on November 26, 1934, in Budapest, Hungary, to Erno and Maria Klein Deutsch. Erno was born in 1903 to an Orthodox Jewish family and had three younger brothers, Otto, Miklos, and Sanyi, and a sister Ella, born circa 1920. Marie, born in January 1906, had a younger brother Endre, born in 1917, and a sister Klari. The couple married in 1932. Erno was an accountant for Karitex and Marie was a comptroller for Andrea Cementworks. Miklos and Sanyi left Hungary in the 1930s; Miklos for France and Sanyi for Palestine. The Hungarian government had radical fascist elements and was closely allied with Germany. Antisemitic measures based upon the Nuremberg racial laws in Germany were passed in the 1930s. Jews lost their citizenship and were barred from many professions. By 1940, Erno was released from his job, but was employed as an accountant by several Jewish owned factories. Forced labor service was required of all able-bodied male Jews. Marie’s brother Endre was drafted as a soldier in 1940, but a new ordinance mandated that Jews could serve only as conscripted laborers, not soldiers. Hungary joined the Axis Alliance with Nazi Germany in November and participated in the military invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union in 1941. The labor brigades were placed under the command of the military and deployed on war-related construction work. In 1941, Erno and his brother Otto were mustered into a forced labor brigade. Erno was released after several months, but Otto was sent to Levocne in the Ukraine. In 1943, Erno was assigned to a forced labor camp, but again released after several months. The family received a Red Cross notice in February 1943 that Endre and his battalion had disappeared during the retreat from Russia following the battle of the Don. Peter’s paternal grandfather died of natural causes that year leaving Peter and his maternal grandfather as the only male relatives still in Budapest. There were frequent bombings and air raids. Despite the anti-Jewish measures, the family still had financial resources since Erno was employed when he was in Budapest and Marie retained her job, though she had to be paid illegally in cash by Elemer Ascher, the Jewish manager. The family learned of the Nazi system of deportations and mass killings from a journalist friend from Prague, Miklos Ternyei. On March 19, 1944, Hungary was occupied by Germany and, in mid-May, the Germans began to systematically deport all Jews to concentration camps. On April 6, Jews had to begin wearing Star of David patches which made Peter and his mother feel acutely ashamed. They were evicted from their home and had to turn in their radio, jewelry, and other valuables, but they were able to put most of their furnishings in storage. They moved in with his paternal grandmother and aunt. The family received word that Peter’s paternal uncle Otto had died of carbon monoxide poisoning in the bakery where he worked in Ukraine. On May 13, Erno had to report to a forced labor battalion in Vac and on May 30 was transferred to Bor labor camp and copper mines in Serbia. On June 26, all the Jews had to move into so-called star buildings, marked with yellow Stars of David. The grandmother’s building was a designated star building, and Marie’s father, sister Klari, and others moved in. On August 21, 1944, a former co-worker of Marie’s obtained two protective schutzpass from the Swedish Red Cross for Marie and Peter which prevented their deportation. They had been receiving postcards from Erno, but had heard nothing since August. By October, the Jews in Budapest were the only Jews remaining in Hungary. On October 15, there was a German orchestrated coup and the fascist Arrow Cross party gained control of the government. The nyilas, Arrow Cross paramilitary guards, began frequent selections for deportation, choosing an apartment building at random and rounding up all the residents. On October 23, all woman from the ages of 16-40 were ordered to report for forced labor. Marie, Ella, and Klari reported to a sports stadium. Marie was released because her husband was in a labor camp, but Ella and Klari were deported. Marie was to return the next day, but did not go back. The searches for Jews to deport became more frequent; people were picked up off the street and there were room to room searches. Around November 15, Marie and Peter had to move into a designated protected house for those with Swedish schutzpasses. In late December, the siege of Budapest began; there was no electricity or gas, no water, no glass in the windows. Food was scarce and people feared death by starvation. On January 9, they were marched into the ghetto where they stayed with Marie’s mother and father-in-law. There were frequent street battles and they stayed in the standing room only cellar most of the time because of the continuous bombing. Their building in the Pest section was liberated in January 19, 1945, by the Soviet Army; Buda on February 13. At the end of March, Marie and Peter returned to their prewar apartment which for a while they had to share with the non-Jewish workers boarded there during the war. On April 28, Klara, weighing sixty pounds, ill, and filthy, returned to Budapest. With Ella, she had been deported to Lichtenwort labor camp in Austria. Ella had died in the cattle car on the trip home from the camp. Peter’s paternal uncle Sanyi, a soldier in the Jewish Brigade, British Army, visited in fall 1945 and again in January 1946. He told Marie that if she had not heard from Erno by now, he was dead, as was Endre. It later seemed likely that Erno had died during a forced march through western Hungary in November 1944. Peter had had a passion for painting since his high school years, but given the bleak economic prospects for artists, decided to become an engineer. In 1956, following the Hungarian revolution against Soviet dominance, he emigrated to Chicago, Illinois. He received an engineering degree at the Illinois Institute of Technology, and then a Ph.D. at Northwestern University. Dallos retired in 2010 after a fifty year career at Northwestern as a professor studying and teaching about the inner workings of the ear. In 1988, he began a second career as a sculptor.

The sculpture was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2012 by Peter Dallos.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Peter Dallos

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.