Commemorative red triangle Dachau badge 158831 owned by former inmate

Adolf Lustgard (or Lustgarten] (later Arthur Robert List) was born on April 23, 1923, to Herman and Ida Wulkan Lustgarten, in Goerlitz, Germany, on the border with Poland. Ida was born in 1900 in Zywiec, Poland. Herman was born in 1898 in Nowy Sacz, Poland. The family was observant and spoke Polish and Yiddish at home. In 1933, the Nazi dictatorship took power in Germany. Persecution of the Jewish population became government policy and grew increasingly harsh. In 1938, Adolf and his family, including his sisters, were deported to Poland, where his parents were born. They settled in Wadowice. At some point, Arthur's father Herman, along with two of his brothers, emigrated to Palestine. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Adolf went to Germany, with papers that listed his birthdate as 1928, thinking the younger age might help him to get work. In 1940, he was back in Wadowice where he was taken off the streets to be a forced laborer around 1941-42. Arthur had taken some family photographs with him. In one of the work camps, he and another friend, who also had photos, heard the camp was going to be closed and they decided to hide their photos. They put them in an empty tea box Arthur had saved and Arthur's friend lowered him into the latrine and he buried them. Arthur was eventually sent to Gross Rosen concentration camp and then to slave labor subcamps in Oppeln and Langenbielau. At each camp, conditions got worse. Hunger became so severe that it was all Arthur could think about. Circa February 1943, he was transferred to Flossenbürg concentration camp in Germany and was assigned prisoner number 85210. He worked constructing bridges for the autobahn. He was then sent to Hersbruck satellite camp, where they were building underground tunnels for a planned BMW aircraft factory. On April 24, 1945, Adolf was sent by transport and a nearly 100 mile death march to Dachau concentration camp. Prisoners who could not keep up were shot along the the way. He was assigned prisoner number 159831. He was liberated a few days later, ca. April 28, by US troops. Adolf was just skn and bone and very ill. One of the liberators gave him a mezuzah, thinking he was not going to make it. Adolf saved it and later was buried with it. By June 1945, Adolf was living at Neu Freimann displaced persons camp near Munich. He knew some English, in addition to German, Polish, and Yiddish, and assisted the occupation authorities with interviews and interrogations. His mother and two sisters had been transported in 1943 from Wadowice to Auschwitz concentration camp where it is presumed they perished. His stepfather survived and emigrated to the United States. Adolf's friend from the early work camp survived and recovered the photographs they had hidden. In 1946, Arthur was able to leave for the US with the assistance of Carl Tipograff(?), a US soldier. He sailed on the Marine Marlin from Bremen and arrived in New York on December 20, 1946. He changed his name to Arthur Robert List, married, and had three children. Arthur, age 86, passed away on November 30, 2009, in New York.

The badge was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2012 by the family of Arthur List.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of the family of Arthur List

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.