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Displaying items 241 to 260 of 1,285
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  1. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 2 million marks, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 2 million marks, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was issued in 1923 by the German government during the hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic. The oak leaf garland watermark indicates a private firm printer. It features an image of the Hanse merchant, Georg Giese. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Erich’s law practice in Vienna was confiscated because he was Jewish. In November, he decided to leave the country for the United States with his wife, Ella, and two step-daughters, Amelia and Gerda. After the war ended in May 1945,...

  2. Numbered ID sign issued to a Jewish Austrian boy for the Kindertransport

    1. Henry Schmelzer collection

    Identification tag issued to 14 year-old Henry (Heinrich) Schmelzer in December 1938, for his emigration from Vienna, Austria, to England aboard a kindertransport. He was among 150 children who were taken to an estate in Scotland, which was leased to the Whittingehame Farm School, a combination boarding school and Zionist training center for eventual immigration to Palestine. In 1940, after two years at Whittingehame, Henry was interned for three months as an enemy alien. After his release, Henry worked various jobs and moved around Britain multiple times. In August 1943, when enemy aliens ...

  3. Electric retinoscope used by a Jewish German US Army medic

    1. Bruno Lambert collection

    Retinoscope used by Dr. Bruno Lambert, who immigrated to the United States from Nazi Germany in 1938, and served in the United States Army Medical Corps during the war. Retinoscopes light the internal eye, allowing a doctor to measure how the retina reflects light. Bruno attended medical school in Germany from 1932-1937, but he was not allowed to receive a diploma as a Jew under the Nazi regime. He transferred to a university in Switzerland, and earned a Doctorate of Medicine in July 1938. With the help of Margaret Bergmann, Bruno immigrated to the US in August. Margaret was a Jewish athlet...

  4. Black velvet tefillin pouch embroidered BG rescued after Kristallnacht and recovered postwar

    1. Bernhard Groeschel collection

    Tefillin storage pouch used by Bernhard Groeschel. It is embroidered with his initials. During the Kristallnacht pogrom on November 9-10, 1938, the pouch was thrown out of the window of his home in Forchheim, Germany, near Nuremberg. A neighbor saved the bag and returned it to Bernhard’s wife, Rose, after the war. Tefillin are used by Jewish males during morning prayers. Bernhard was imprisoned in Dachau concentration camp and released in December. In March 1939, Bernhard and Rose sent their 14 year old daughter, Irmgard, on a kindertransport to Basel, Switzerland. After war broke out in Se...

  5. Gans family papers

    1. Manfred and Anita Lamm Gans family collection

    The collection relates to the Gans family, originally of Borken, Germany. It includes photographs of pre-war life, including a photograph album depicting a day in the life of the three Gans boys. The majority of the collection consists of correspondence, mainly from Anita Lamm in the United States to Manfred Gans, then a member of the British military. Also includes documentation and correspondence related to the wartime experiences of Moritz and Else Gans, who were deported to Westerbork and Bergen-Belsen, and liberated from Theresienstadt. Includes Moritz’s diary, into which he made short...

  6. Study sketch of a street scene by a German Jewish refugee

    1. Nelly Rossmann family collection

    Pencil sketch of a street scene created by Nelly Rossmann. Nelly was a graphic designer for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a progressive newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Germany became a police state and anti-Jewish legislation was enacted. Nelly was a Quaker, but had been born Jewish. In 1935, she was fired due to a decree that Jews could not work in the publishing industry. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938, her parents left for England, but Nelly still had strong pro-German feelings and was not ready to leave. In 1939, she...

  7. Luftwaffe paratrooper badge with a yellow eagle acquired by a German Jewish refugee in the British army

    1. Manfred and Anita Lamm Gans family collection

    Luftwaffe (German Air Force) paratrooper badge, acquired by Manfred Gans, a German Jewish refugee who served as a Marine Commando for the British Army from May 1944 to May 1945. This type of patch was issued to German paratroopers who had successfully completed six jumps. Gans took the badge from a prisoner who claimed to have been the driver for Erwin Rommel during his command of the German forces in North Africa from 1941-1943. He sent the badge in a letter dated 27 October 1944 to his friend, Anita Lamm, who had immigrated to the United States. For Anita, the badge symbolized hope for vi...

  8. Blue and white Zionist flag with a Star of David from the ship Exodus 1947

    Blue and white Zionist flag taken down from the mast of the Exodus 1947 on July 18, 1947, by Mike Weiss, a Jewish American crew member, after the ship was forced into the port in Haifa. Weiss removed the flag before the passengers and crew were forced to disembark. This flag design was later adopted as the Flag of the State of Israel, which was created on May 10, 1948. Weiss had volunteered for the clandestine effort to smuggle Holocaust survivors from Europe to Palestine. He was a boatswain-carpenter on the ship, which was under the command of Haganah, an underground Jewish paramilitary or...

  9. Houndstooth check cloth ankle boots worn by a young Jewish girl who escaped Germany on the Kindertransport

    1. Esther Rosenfeld Starobin family collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn72129
    • English
    • 1964
    • a: Height: 5.875 inches (14.923 cm) | Width: 2.375 inches (6.033 cm) | Depth: 3.750 inches (9.525 cm) b: Height: 5.750 inches (14.605 cm) | Width: 2.500 inches (6.35 cm) | Depth: 3.750 inches (9.525 cm)

    Brown and beige houndstooth cloth ankle boots owned by 2 year old Esther Rosenfeld who was sent on a June 1939 Kindertransport [Children's Transport] from Germany to Great Britain. Her older sisters, Bertl, Edith, and Ruth, had gone in March. Esther was placed with Dorothy and Harry Harrison and their son Alan in Norwich. Her foster father worked in a shoe factory and may have repaired these boots as Esther grew, as he did 2012.451.2, the other boots she brought from Germany. These childhood items were returned to Esther in 1964 by her foster brother as a gift from her foster mother who had...

  10. Japanese invasion banknote, 5 centavos, acquired postwar by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Japanese invasion money, 5 centavos, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier in 1945-1946 in Germany where he worked for the US War Department and the World Jewish Congress. Japan occupied the Philippines in January 1942 and soon began issuing invasion currency. The serial letters PM, suggests an early issue. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella subm...

  11. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 500 million marks, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 500 million marks, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was issued in 1923 by the German government during the period of hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic. The small circle watermark indicates a private firm printer.After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella submitted several affidavits of support to help fami...

  12. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 100000 mark, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 100 thousand marks [hundert tausend] mark, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was issued in 1923 by the German government during the hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Dr. Maier and his family decided to leave due to the anti-Jewish laws and persecution by the German authorities. In November 1938, Erich, his wife Ella, and his stepdaughters, Amelia, 9, and Gerda, 7, left for the US. He and Ella submitted several affidavits of support to help family members escape Europe, but Erich lost nearl...

  13. Allied Military currency for France, 100 franc bank note owned by a Hungarian Jewish concentration camp inmate

    1. Larry Gladstone family collection

    Allied Military currency, 100 franc note, that belonged to Ladislav Glattstein. The currency was issued jointly by the US and Great Britain prior to the invasion of France in June 1944. Ladislav, 18, and his family lived in Munkacs, Czechoslovakia (Mukacheve, Ukraine), when it was annexed by Hungary in fall 1938. In 1942, Ladislav was conscripted into a Hungarian forced labor battalion. He was sent to Nagybana labor camp, and, in 1944, to the Ukraine and Balf labor camp. In January 1945, Ladislav was transported to Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria, and in March, via death march to G...

  14. Weimar Germany Reichsbanknote, 500 million marks, owned by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Ella Hochstadt Gruber Maier and Erich Maier family collection

    Emergency currency, valued at 500 million marks, likely acquired by Dr. Erich Maier. The note was issued in 1923 by the German government and is an example of the money printed during the hyperinflation of the Weimar Republic. The small circle watermark indicates a private firm printer. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Erich’s law practice in Vienna was confiscated because he was Jewish. In November, he decided to leave the country for the United States with his wife, Ella, and two step-daughters, Amelia and Gerda. After the war ended in May 1945, Erich worked as a c...

  15. Dutch Commemorative War Cross awarded to a Dutch Jewish soldier, Prinses Irene Brigade

    1. Jack and Hedi Justus Grootkerk family collection

    Oorlogsherinneringskruis [Commemorative War Cross] medal awarded to Jack Grootkerk, a Dutch Jewish soldier in the Prinses Irene Brigade, Dutch Free Forces, from September 1942 to September 1945. The honorary medal was presented to all Brigade members who landed at Normandy in 1944. The Brigade was formed in England in 1941 by the Dutch government in exile and Dutch Army personnel. The unit wore British battledress uniforms with Dutch insignia. On May 10, 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands. In December 1941, Jack was told to report for forced labor in Germany. He and his brother Erich fle...

  16. Black leather photo wallet used by a young German Jewish refugee

    1. Fred Vendig family collection

    Small wallet with three photo windows used by Fritz Vendig or a family member after leaving Nazi Germany in 1939. In the mid-1930s, Fritz's father's business was taken from him when it was Aryanized, or cleansed of Jews. In November 1938, Ernst was arrested during Kristallnacht. After his release, the family prepared to leave. On May 13, 1939, Fritz, 7, his parents Ernst and Charlotte, his brother Heiner, 2, and his paternal grandmother Pauline, sailed for Cuba on the MS St. Louis. Cuban authorities refused entry to nearly all passengers. Appeals were made to the Cuban and US governments, b...

  17. Kingmark gold, red, and white enamel pin with chains on a pinbar commemorating the 70th birthday in 1940 of King Christian X of Denmark

    1. Hedwig Kudesch and Robert Briscoe collection

    Commemorative 14 karat gold and red enamel men's emblem pin issued by the Georg Jensen Company to honor the 75th birthday of King Christian X of Denmark on August 21, 1945. Designed by Arno Malinowski, the pin features the King’s initials, the years 1870-1945, and the Danish flag. The German army occupied Denmark on April 9, 1940. Christian remained in Copenhagen and the emblem pin, popularly known as the Kingmark, became a popular symbol of Danish independence, patriotism, and solidarity against occupation. Germany permitted the democratic government to retain control over domestic affairs...

  18. Unused Star of David badge with Juif acquired by a Jewish chaplain, US Army

    1. Rabbi Judah Nadich collection

    Cloth rectangle with a Star of David badge imprinted Juif given to Rabbi Judah Nadich in Paris after liberation. Seeking out surviving members of the Jewish community, Nadich drove his jeep with his Jewish chaplain's insignia into the prewar Jewish neighborhood and soon a crowd gathered. Most had survived the war in hiding and Nadich was their first contact with the outside Jewish world. They gave him a batch of the yellow star badges that Jews in France had been forced to wear as a mark of humiliation from March 27, 1942. See 1988.39.1& 3, 1990.54.1-3, and 1994.a.0250.2 for 7 other bad...

  19. Tallit with Great Seal, Star of David and 10 commandments used by a US Army chaplain

    1. Rabbi Judah Nadich collection

    Tallit, or prayer shawl with embroidered insignia worn by Rabbi Judah Nadich for his work as a Jewish chaplain in the United States Army from 1942-1946. Designed per US Army regulations, the tallit has the US coat of arms above the Jewish chaplain's insignia: a Star of David and the tablets of law. Nadich arrived in Paris just after its liberation on August 24, 1944. He conducted the first religious service after liberation in the rue de la Victoire synagogue, and preached to the assembled congregation of Jewish GIs and survivors in both French and English. On Passover 1945, Nadich conducte...

  20. Unused Star of David badge with Juif acquired by a Jewish chaplain, US Army

    1. Rabbi Judah Nadich collection

    Cloth rectangle with a Star of David badge imprinted Juif given to Rabbi Judah Nadich in Paris after liberation. Seeking out surviving members of the Jewish community, Nadich drove his jeep with his Jewish chaplain's insignia into the prewar Jewish neighborhood and soon a crowd gathered. Most had survived the war in hiding and Nadich was their first contact with the outside Jewish world. They gave him a batch of the yellow star badges that Jews in France had been forced to wear as a mark of humiliation from March 27, 1942. See 1988.39.1& 3, 1990.54.1-4, and 1994.a.0250.2 for 7 other bad...