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Displaying items 881 to 900 of 7,748
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  1. Dark red shoe wax used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Dark red shoe wax used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. He used the wax to coat threads and seal edges to prevent moisture leaks. During the war, when the family was starving in Russia, Simon's wife used some as a replacement for cooking fat. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territo...

  2. Embossing tool with 3 wheel attachments used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn522352
    • English
    • 1925-1951
    • a: Height: 6.500 inches (16.51 cm) | Width: 1.125 inches (2.858 cm) | Depth: 1.125 inches (2.858 cm) b: Height: 0.625 inches (1.588 cm) | Width: 0.500 inches (1.27 cm) | Depth: 0.625 inches (1.588 cm) c: Height: 0.625 inches (1.588 cm) | Width: 0.500 inches (1.27 cm) | Depth: 0.625 inches (1.588 cm) d: Height: 0.625 inches (1.588 cm) | Width: 0.500 inches (1.27 cm) | Depth: 0.625 inches (1.588 cm)

    Embossing tool with a 2 piece wooden handle with a removable hollow base and three fluted wheel carriage attachments used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was bo...

  3. Straight half inch stitching awl used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Wooden handled straight .5 inch needle stitching awl with metal chuck used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Ju...

  4. Dark gray edge iron shoemaking tool used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Edge iron shoemaking tool with a half inch top wedge used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. This burnishing tool is heated and heavily pressed along the edge of the shoe sole to strengthen the edge and seal it from water. There are several edge irons of different sizes and forms in his tool kit which Simon, a master shoemaker, kept with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon ...

  5. Wooden awl haft with chuck used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Wooden stitching awl handle with chuck which would hold a stitching needle used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union ...

  6. Dark brown whetstone used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Dark brown sharpening stone used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. In January 1940, after the Germans detained the family within a barbed wire enclosure for deportation from Kalisz, Poland, Simon realized he had forgotten his razor and whetstone. His 9 year son David snuck through the fence, into their boarded up house, and then back into the prison with the retrieved items. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept...

  7. Curved needle stitching awl used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Wooden handled stitching awl with a curved needle used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. Simon was a master shoemaker and kept his shoemaking kit with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet territory, the family was arrested and sent to Siberian Labor Camp #70, where a daughter was born. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they were r...

  8. Edge iron shoemaking tool used by a Polish Jewish refugee conscripted as a shoemaker by the Soviet Army

    1. Simon Gelbart collection

    Edge iron shoemaking tool used by Simon Gelbart, who was conscripted into the Soviet Army from 1943-1945 because of his shoemaking skills. This burnishing tool is heated and heavily pressed along the edge of the shoe sole to strengthen the edge and seal it from water. There are several edge irons of different sizes and forms in his tool kit which Simon, a master shoemaker, kept with him all through the war. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Simon kept moving his family, his wife, Sara, and sons David, 9, and Haim, 5, east to escape persecution. Soon after they reached Soviet t...

  9. Pair of men's black leather lace-up ankle boots owned by a Jewish refugee during his escape from Vienna

    1. Isidor and Fanny Bieder collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn522459
    • English
    • 1938
    • a: Height: 5.750 inches (14.605 cm) | Width: 3.870 inches (9.83 cm) | Depth: 11.250 inches (28.575 cm) b: Height: 5.750 inches (14.605 cm) | Width: 3.870 inches (9.83 cm) | Depth: 11.250 inches (28.575 cm)

    Boots owned by Isidor Bieder who was forced to leave Vienna, Austria, with his wife, Fanny, and their two daughters, 14 year old Frieda, and 10 year old Gertrude, in January 1939. After the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938, anti-Jewish laws were passed and Jews were targeted for persecution. Germans raided the family’s apartment, taking most of their valuables, and a little later, Isidor’s business was confiscated. During the November Kristallnacht pogrom, Isidor was arrested and beaten. As a condition of Isidor’s release from prison, he agreed to leave Austria with his f...

  10. Pair of men's white leather driving gloves carried by a Jewish refugee during his escape from Vienna

    1. Isidor and Fanny Bieder collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn522457
    • English
    • 1939
    • a: Height: 9.250 inches (23.495 cm) | Width: 4.620 inches (11.735 cm) b: Height: 9.250 inches (23.495 cm) | Width: 4.380 inches (11.125 cm)

    Gloves owned by Isidor Bieder who was forced to leave Vienna, Austria, with his wife, Fanny, and their two daughters, 14 year old Frieda, and 10 year old Gertrude, in January 1939. After the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938, anti-Jewish laws were passed and Jews were targeted for persecution. Germans raided the family’s apartment, taking most of their valuables, and a little later, Isidor’s business was confiscated. During the November Kristallnacht pogrom, Isidor was arrested and beaten. As a condition of Isidor’s release from prison, he agreed to leave Austria with his ...

  11. Chrome Leica II 35mm camera used by a Yugoslav refugee to document his family's life in hiding

    1. Lea Herlinger Kaluzna family collection

    Chrome Leica 35mm camera used by Ivo Herlinger while he was living in hiding in Italy from 1941-1944. After Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia in June 1941, Ivo and his wife, Elsa, fled Zagreb to avoid internment in a German labor camp. They had to leave their 2 year old daughter, Lea, with an aunt. A few months later, using jewels they had sewn into the lining of their clothes, they paid a student to bring Lea to them in Trieste, Italy. The family spent the next three years hiding under false identities in Rome and other towns in Italy, where Ivo used his camera to document their daily life. ...

  12. My Mother Child’s crayon drawing of a flower in a pot made by an Austrian Jewish refugee for his mother

    1. Alice and John Morawetz collection

    Crayon sketch of a flower made by 7 year old Hans Morawetz for his mother, Therese, on May 13, 1928, when they lived in Vienna, Austria. In March 1938, Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany. The Germans enacted persecutory measures towards Jews and the family apartment was confiscated. Hans’s father, Franz, was able to obtain US immigration visas for Hans, his mother, and his older brother, Walter. In May 1940, they left Vienna for Genoa, Italy, and sailed for New York aboard the US United States. His father was deported on July 29, 1942, from Vienna to Theresienstadt; two years later he was ...

  13. Yellow cloth Star of David badge with Juif for Jew worn by a Polish refugee in Paris

    1. Max Feld and Rose Feld-Rosman collection

    Star of David badge worn by 25 year old Raisa Steinberg Feld in Paris, France, from June 1942. Jews in France were required to wear these on their outer clothing at all times after May 1942; badges were often cut from a pre-printed roll. After Paris was occupied by Germany in May 1940, foreign Jews were in danger of arrest and imprisonment. Raisa and her husband, Max, both deaf, were Jewish refugees from Poland and Germany. In May 1941, Max was arrested and, in July 1942, deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Raisa went into hiding with their 1.5 year old daughter, Esther, her ...

  14. Ship at the Quayside Illustration of cranes and barges at the wharf by a German Jewish refugee

    1. Nelly Rossmann family collection

    Ink drawing of the quayside in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, created by Nelly Rossmann. Nelly was a graphic designer for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a progressive newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Following the Reichstag Fire in late February, Germany became a police state and anti-Jewish legislation was enacted. Nelly was a Quaker, but she had been born Jewish. In 1935, she was fired from her job due to a government decree that Jews could not work in the publishing industry. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938, her parents l...

  15. Stairs in the Palace of Phaistos Drawing of stairs in the Palace of Phaistos by a German Jewish refugee

    1. Nelly Rossmann family collection

    Ink drawing of stairs in the ancient palace of Phaistos, Greece, created by Nelly Rossmann. Nelly was a graphic designer for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a progressive newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Antisemitic legislation soon took away the rights of Jews. Nelly was a Quaker, but she had been born Jewish, and in 1935, she was fired due to a decree that Jews could not work in publishing. Nelly taught children crafts to support her 5 year old son, Michael. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938, her parents left for England, bu...

  16. The end of Church Row - Hampstead Drawing of a house and graveyard by a German Jewish refugee

    1. Nelly Rossmann family collection

    Drawing of a residence and cemetery on Church Row in Hampstead, London by Nelly Rossmann. Nelly was a graphic designer for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a progressive newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Following the Reichstag Fire in late February, Germany became a police state and anti-Jewish legislation was enacted. Nelly was a Quaker, but she had been born Jewish and in 1935, she was fired from her job due to a government decree that Jews could not work in the publishing industry. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938, her pare...

  17. Drawing of a teenage girl and boy for a planned illustrated book by a German Jewish refugee

    1. Nelly Rossmann family collection

    Ink illustration of a young girl in a doorway and a tall boy for a book created by Nelly Rossmann. It is one in a series of unpublished book illustrations. Nelly was a graphic designer for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a progressive newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Antisemitic legislation soon took away the rights of Jews. Nelly was a Quaker, but she had been born Jewish, and in 1935, she was fired due to a decree that Jews could not work in publishing. Nelly taught children crafts to support her 5 year old son, Michael. After the Kristal...

  18. When I think of Germany at night Drawing of a nighttime celebration by a German Jewish refugee

    1. Nelly Rossmann family collection

    Ink drawing of nighttime celebration in Germany created by Nelly Rossmann. Nelly was a graphic designer for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a progressive newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Antisemitic legislation soon took away the rights of Jews. Nelly was a Quaker, but she had been born Jewish, and in 1935, she was fired due to a decree that Jews could not work in publishing. Nelly taught children crafts to support her 5 year old son, Michael. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938, her parents left for England, but Nelly still had...

  19. The Poorhouse in Barnet. 17th Century Drawing of 17th century cottages with tile roofs by a refugee from Nazi Germany

    1. Nelly Rossmann family collection

    Ink drawing created by Nelly Rossmann of the 17th century poorhouse in Barnet, England. Nelly was a graphic designer for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a progressive newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Antisemitic legislation soon took away the rights of Jews. Nelly was a Quaker, but she had been born Jewish, and in 1935, she was fired due to a decree that Jews could not work in publishing. Nelly taught children crafts to support her 5 year old son, Michael. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938, her parents left for England, but Ne...

  20. Ink drawing of two girls barring a door created to illustrate a story by German Jewish refugee

    1. Nelly Rossmann family collection

    Ink illustration of 2 girls in front of a door created by Nelly Rossmann. It is one in a series of unpublished book illustrations. Nelly was a graphic designer for the Frankfurter Zeitung, a progressive newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Antisemitic legislation soon took away the rights of Jews. Nelly was a Quaker, but she had been born Jewish, and in 1935, she was fired due to a decree that Jews could not work in publishing. Nelly taught children crafts to support her 5 year old son, Michael. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in November...