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Displaying items 281 to 300 of 7,750
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Item type: Archival Descriptions

  1. Shanghai Millionaire board game made by 2 German Jewish refugee children

    1. Manfred Lobel collection

    Handmade board game, Shanghai Millionaire, created by 10 year old Manfred and 14 year old Siegfried Lobel in the Hongkew ghetto in Shanghai in 1946. It was based on Monopoly and made from a US Army cardboard "K" rations box. The boys fled Berlin, Germany, with their parents, Gustav and Dora, in 1940, due to the persecution of Jews under the Nazi dictatorship. Since Gustav and Dora were born in Romania, exit visas for the United States did not seem to be an option because of the high quotas. In 1940, they received permits to leave Germany for Shanghai, China. American troops entered the city...

  2. Engraved silver cigarette case used by a Polish Jewish refugee in Russia

    1. Alfred and Bronislawa Majzner collection

    Cigarette case that belonged to Alfred Majzner, a Jewish engineer, who, following the 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany, fled to the Russian-occupied sector to the east. He was assigned living quarters for his family in Bialystock, Poland, on July 25, 1940. Soon after his wife and family arrived the Russians deported the Jewish inhabitants further west. Alfred died in Kazakhstan in 1942. His second wife and widow, Bronislawa, had the case decorated around 1944 with her initials, BM, and the names of their daughter, Lucia, his children from his first marriage, Dita and Todek, and her deceas...

  3. US Army technician shoulder patch that belonged to a German Jewish refugee

    1. Max Wachtel and Herbert Wolf family collection

    US Army Technician, 5th grade patch that may have belonged to Hans Wachtel, who served in the United States Army from 1942-1945. Hans and his family had left Nazi Germany in 1937 after the shoe factory owned by his father, Max, in Erfurt, Germany, was confiscated because he was Jewish. Max was able to get immigration visas for the US and on May 14, 1938, 16 year old Hans, his parents, and his sister sailed from Hamburg on the President Roosevelt. Hans volunteered for the U.S. Army on May 14, 1941. He was trained to interrogate German POWs and to go undercover behind enemy lines. On June 18,...

  4. World War I Iron Cross medal with striped ribbon awarded to a German Jewish refugee

    1. Max Wachtel and Herbert Wolf family collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn40039
    • English
    • 1914-1918
    • a: Height: 2.375 inches (6.033 cm) | Width: 1.750 inches (4.445 cm) b: Height: 11.375 inches (28.893 cm) | Width: 1.250 inches (3.175 cm)

    Iron Cross awarded to Max Wachtel for service in the German Army during World War I, 1914-1918. After four years of increasingly antisemitic Nazi rule, Max’s shoe factory in Erfurt, Germany, was confiscated in 1937 because he was Jewish. Max was able to get immigration visas for the United States, with the sponsorship of relatives in Ohio. On May 14, 1938, Max, his wife Erna, and children, Ursula and Hans, sailed from Hamburg to the US on the President Roosevelt. They arrived on May 21 and settled in Cincinnati.

  5. Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp scrip, 50 kronen note, acquired by Czech refugee

    1. Raul Hilberg collection

    50 (funfzig) mark Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp note given to Raul Hilberg by Frank Petschek, who, with his wife, as well as the extended Petschek family, had to flee Czechoslovakia after its annexation by Nazi Germany in fall 1938. After the war, the confiscation of the Petschek family's vast business and land holdings by the Nazi regime were used for a major case in the War Criminals trials at Nuremberg. Hilberg and his parents fled Vienna, Austria, after its annexation by Germany in March 1938. It was Petschek's generosity that made possible the publication of Hilberg's landmark work,...

  6. Poster of a family huddled outdoors behind a wall to raise funds for refugee relief

    1. Refugee Relief poster collection

  7. Doll in blue dress, blonde wig and necklace carried by Jewish Austrian refugee

    1. Doriane Kurz collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn41711
    • English
    • a: Height: 14.500 inches (36.83 cm) | Width: 5.750 inches (14.605 cm) | Depth: 3.500 inches (8.89 cm) b: Height: 3.875 inches (9.843 cm) | Width: 5.125 inches (13.017 cm) | Depth: 4.875 inches (12.383 cm) c: Height: 6.000 inches (15.24 cm) | Width: 0.250 inches (0.635 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)

    Doll in a blue dress with a blonde wig and necklace carried by 10 year old Doriane Kurz when she emigrated from Sweden to the United States in July 1946. Doriane and her family fled Vienna, Austria, in early 1939 after the annexation with Nazi Germany. They went to the Netherlands which was occupied by Germany in May 1940. Her father, Meilach, was deported to Auschwitz in August 1942. Doriane, her mother Klara, and her 7 year old brother Alfred, were deported to Bergen Belsen in February 1944. The camp was evacuated in spring 1945 and the prisoners were liberated en route by the Soviet Army...

  8. Dish towel with red radish applique brought to the US by a young Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Doriane Kurz collection

    Dish towel brought by 10 year old Doriane Kurz when she emigrated from Sweden to the United States in July 1946. Doriane and her family fled Vienna, Austria, in early 1939 after the annexation with Nazi Germany the previous year. They went to the Netherlands which was occupied by Germany in May 1940. Her father, Meilach, was deported to Auschwitz death camp in August 1942. Doriane, her mother Klara, and her 7 year old brother Alfred, were deported to Bergen Belsen in February 1944. The camp was evacuated in spring 1945 and the prisoners were liberated en route by the Soviet Army. The family...

  9. White lace collar with a rosettes worn by a young Austrian Jewish refugee to the US

    1. Doriane Kurz collection

    Detachable white lace collar with a floral design brought by 10 year old Doriane Kurz when she emigrated from Sweden to the United States in July 1946. Doriane and her family fled Vienna, Austria, in early 1939 after the annexation with Nazi Germany the previous year. They went to the Netherlands which was occupied by Germany in May 1940. Her father, Meilach, was deported to Auschwitz death camp in August 1942. Doriane, her mother Klara, and her 7 year old brother Alfred, were deported to Bergen Belsen in February 1944. The camp was evacuated in spring 1945 and the prisoners were liberated ...

  10. Burlap purse with yarn flowers and monogram carried by a 10 year old Jewish Austrian refugee

    1. Doriane Kurz collection

    Handcrafted burlap shoulder bag carried by 10 year old Doriane Kurz when she emigrated from Sweden to the United States in July 1946. Doriane and her family fled Vienna, Austria, in early 1939 after the annexation with Nazi Germany. They went to the Netherlands which was occupied by Germany in May 1940. Her father, Meilach, was deported to Auschwitz in August 1942. Doriane, her mother Klara, and her brother Alfred, age 7, were deported to Bergen Belsen in February 1944. The camp was evacuated in spring 1945 and the prisoners were liberated en route by the Soviet Army. The family returned to...

  11. For Our Small Ones! Handmade illustrated children's book created by an Austrian refugee

    1. Irene Rosenthal Gibian family collection

    Hand crafted children's book with hand drawn text and illustrations created by Irene Rosenthal. Irene fled Nazi ruled Austria for the United States in March 1940. German troops marched over the border into Austria in March 1938. The next day, Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany. Anti-Jewish legislation was enacted to strip Jews of their civil rights. The November 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom vandalized Jewish businesses and homes and destroyed most of the synagogues in Austria. Irene received a visa to leave Austria in March and sailed that month from Genoa, Italy, to New York.

  12. Small silver curtain ring worn as a wedding ring by an Austrian Jewish refugee

    1. Helena and Lewis Victor Koves collection

    Small silver curtain ring worn as a wedding ring by 27 year old Helena Koves in London, England, where she married Victor Koves on December 30, 1938. Helena was living in Vienna when it was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938. Victor had already left Vienna and settled in London and they decided that Helena should join him. In the early 1940s, they left for Shanghai by way of Canada, but were able to obtain US visas in Canada and emigrated to New York.

  13. Blue cross armband worn by a Jewish Russian nurse caring for refugee children

    1. Menia Awret-Back collection

    Blue cross armband worn by Menia Awret-Back, while working as a nurse for Jewish refugee children during the war in Brussels. Belgium was occupied by Germany in May 1940. Restrictions were placed on Jews to exclude them from society. Jewish children and expectant mothers were not allowed to be treated in existing facilities. Menia, as a Jewish nurse, had to wear an armband with a blue cross in place of the usual red cross. Since 1938, Menia had worked for L'Ouevre Nationale de L'Enfance [National Children's Aid] and the Belgium Red Cross, which now established and staffed special treatment ...

  14. Adjustable cuff bracelet made from gold marks with pouch owned by German Jewish refugee

    1. Sophia Appel collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn43388
    • English
    • a: Height: 0.700 inches (1.778 cm) | Width: 2.500 inches (6.35 cm) | Depth: 2.125 inches (5.398 cm) b: Height: 6.375 inches (16.192 cm) | Width: 4.125 inches (10.477 cm) | Depth: 0.250 inches (0.635 cm)

    Semicircular bracelet made from hammered gold marks with a jeweler's pouch brought by Sophie Appel to the United States when she fled Nazi Germany in September 1938. As Hitler consolidated power in Germany after 1933, the increasingly severe sanctions on Jews caused many to flee the country. In 1938, Sophia, her son, Ernst, and her mother, Emma, received visas for the United States with the help of her sister, Helene, and her husband, Bernard Bloch, who had lived there since the early 1900s. By September, they had all joined Helene's family in Oklahoma.

  15. 4711 glass perfume bottle carried by a Jewish refugee searching for her family

    1. Irena Urdang de Tour family collection

    Perfume bottle carried by Irena Ehrlich vel Sluszny when she walked from Berlin to Warsaw in 1945, in search of her family. Irena, her parents, Felicia and Seweryn, and younger sister, Danuta, were confined to the Warsaw ghetto in 1940. In March 1943, 19 year old Irena escaped to the Christian sector of Warsaw. April 1943 brought the Warsaw ghetto uprising and its violent suppression by the Germans, with mass deportations of all Jews in Warsaw and the annihilation of the ghetto. Her father, aged 39, was killed during the uprising. Her mother and 14 year old sister escaped and were hidden fo...

  16. Art Deco style lipstick case carried by a Jewish refugee while searching for her family

    1. Irena Urdang de Tour family collection

    Lipstick case carried by Irena Ehrlich vel Sluszny when she walked from Berlin to Warsaw in 1945, in search of her family. Irena, her parents, Felicia and Seweryn, and younger sister, Danuta, were confined to the Warsaw ghetto in 1940. In March 1943, 19 year old Irena escaped to the Christian sector of Warsaw. April 1943 brought the Warsaw ghetto uprising and its violent suppression by the Germans, with mass deportations of all Jews in Warsaw and the annihilation of the ghetto. Her father, aged 39, was killed during the uprising. Her mother and 14 year old sister escaped and were hidden for...

  17. Engraved silver perfume bottle carried postwar by a refugee searching for her family

    1. Irena Urdang de Tour family collection

    Perfume bottle engraved with Irena Ehrlich von Sluzny's initials, IE. She carried this with her when she walked from Berlin to Warsaw in 1945, in search of her family. Irena, her parents, Felicia and Seweryn, and younger sister, Danuta, were confined to the Warsaw ghetto in 1940. In March 1943, 19 year old Irena escaped to the Christian sector of Warsaw. April 1943 brought the Warsaw ghetto uprising and its violent suppression by the Germans, with mass deportations of all Jews in Warsaw and the annihilation of the ghetto. Her father, aged 39, was killed during the uprising. Her mother and 1...

  18. Blue and pink embroidered cloth case made by a Kindertransport refugee

    1. Ruth Mondschein Zimbler collection

    Embroidered cloth portfolio made by 10 year old Ruth Mondschein in the Netherlands after her parents sent her there on a Kindertransport [Children's Transport] from Austria on December 10, 1938. She used the portfolio to keep the letters she received from her parents, Hella and Markus. Her father was arrested on Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938, and sent to Dachau concentration camp. He was released on the condition that he leave the country. He arranged for Ruth and her 6 year old brother, Walter, to escape on the first Kindertransport to the Netherlands. The children later were sent to ...

  19. Wooden sandals with a canvas strap worn by a Mir Yeshiva refugee in Shanghai

    1. Judith Kranzler collection
    • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • irn43116
    • English
    • 1941-1945
    • a: Height: 2.000 inches (5.08 cm) | Width: 4.625 inches (11.748 cm) | Depth: 11.000 inches (27.94 cm) b: Height: 2.125 inches (5.398 cm) | Width: 5.250 inches (13.335 cm) | Depth: 11.000 inches (27.94 cm)

    Wooden sandals worn by Lazar Horodetzky in Hongkew ghetto in Shanghai, China, from 1941-1945. Lazar was a member of Mir Yeshiva, a Jewish religious school which left Mir, Poland (Belarus) after the Soviet occupation in September 1939. They first moved to Vilna (Vilnius), Lithuania. When it was occupied by the Soviets in August 1940, they fled again, after obtaining Japanese transit visas from consul Chiune Sugihara. In spring 1941, they reached Japan, where they were declared stateless refugees and deported to Japanese occupied Shanghai. They settled in Hongkew and resumed their studies. Th...

  20. Photocopy of an autobiographical ink drawing of 5 refugee men with knapsacks crossing a guarded gangplank

    1. Peretz Chorshati collection

    Photocopy of a drawing from a series of 19 captioned, narrative illustrations created by Peretz Chorshati (born Pavel Szenwald) between 1994-1997 about his wartime experiences. It depicts Pavel and 4 men boarding a ship. In June 1946, Pavel boarded the Biria in Marseilles, France, as an illegal immigrant to Palestine. Pavel was an 18 year old student in Warsaw when the Germans invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. He was imprisoned in the Warsaw ghetto until his father got him forged papers and he escaped. He posed as a German national, and joined the German army. In March 1943, Pavel desert...