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Displaying items 17,841 to 17,860 of 17,943
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  1. Polska Ludowa Akcja Niepodległościowa

    • Polish People’s Action for Independence
    • PLAN

    Polska Ludowa Akcja Niepodległościowa was a Polish underground group.

  2. Sonderkommando 7c

    1941/1943

    Special SS units of the Einsatzgruppe B.

  3. German Evangelical Church

    In 1939 the five regional churches led by the ‘German Christians’ officially forbade ‘non-Aryans’ from being church members, telling pastors that if they wished to offer services for ‘non-Aryans’, such services could not take place on church property. The intensity of their efforts, and the daily tragedies with which those Confessing Christians working to help the Jews were confronted, were in marked contrast to the pronouncements of the official German Evangelical Church. After 1939, when emigration had become virtually impossible, Jewish Christians received even less support from their ch...

  4. Bund Deutscher Mädel in der Hitler-Jugend

    • League of German Girls within the Hitler Youth
    • BDM

    Founded in 1930

    In 1930, the Bund Deutscher Mädel in der Hitler-Jugend was founded as the official female branch of the Hitler Youth organization. Before the Nazi rise to power in 1933-01, the BDM did not attract a mass following. Membership expanded rapidly throughout the 1930s, until participation for eligible girls became compulsory in 1936. The BDM’s core constituency consisted of girls from fourteen to eighteen years of age, with a corresponding junior branch, the Jungmädel (Young Girls’ League), for girls aged ten to fourteen. In 1938, a third component, the Bund Deutscher Mädel-Werk Glaube und Schön...

  5. Ligue International Contre l’Antisemitisme

    • International League against Anti-Semitism
    • LICA

    Founded in 1928

    Created in 1928, the Ligue International Contre l’Antisemitisme fought against fascist gangs and clearly sought to ally itself with forces on the Left. The LICA was headed by Pierre Paraf and Bernard Lecache.

  6. Ahnenerbe

    • Ancestral heritage

    Founded in 1935-07-01

    Ahnenerbe was the name given to the Society for Research into the Spiritual Roots of Germany’s Ancestral Heritage. Founded by Heinrich Himmler, this pseudoscientific organization was politically motivated and rife with chicanery. The Society sponsored archeological research into early German history and forums on Himmler’s vision of Aryan origins. During the war, Ahnenerbe was involved by unethical ‘medical experiments’ on altitude, freezing and skull collections. Dr. Sigmund Rascher and dr. August Hirt were practitioners at Ahnenerbe’s Institute of Military-Scientific Applied Research.

  7. Expositur

    • Expo

    Expositur was a section of the Joodse Raad voor Amsterdam (Jewish Council of Amsterdam) that acted as a liaison with the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung Amsterdam. At the Expositur the registration of exemptions from deportation (sperre) was processed. Employees of the 'Expo' had access to the Hollandsche Schouwburg. The organisation was headed by Edwin Sluzker, who was of Austrian-Jewish descend.

  8. Combat

    At the beginning of 1943, with the war at a turning point and Vichy repression escalating, the resistance became more coordinated. Three networks, Combat, Libération, and Franc-Tireur et Partisans, joined together to form the Mouvements Unis de Résistance in 1943-01.

  9. Oberste Heeresleitung

    • German Supreme Command
    • OHL

    Colonel General Helmuth von Moltke became chief of the General Staff of the Generalstab des Feldheeres. Although the German emperor was the official commander-in-chief, the actual conduct of operations and strategic planning lay in the hands of Moltke from the very beginning. His staff formed the Oberste Heeresleitung. The OHL's Central Section was responsible for the staff's office management and personnel matters.

  10. Einsatzkommando 13

    • EK 13

    Einsatzkommando 13 operated in 1944-1945 in Slovakia, where in 1944-08 a revolt against the Germans broke out.

  11. French Government-in-Exile

    • Free French

    As a senior army officer in 1940, Charles de Gaulle refused to accept France’s capitulation to Germany and fled to London, where he set up the Frence Government-in-Exile, the Free French. He exhorted French soldiers and citizens to join the resistance and to continue the struggle against the Nazis. With the liberation of Paris in 1944, de Gaulle returned home and soon was named president of the newly created provisional government.

  12. Emigdirect

    Emigdirect, a Jewish migration organization, was based in Berlin.

  13. Rabotnicheska partia

  14. Reichsamt für deutsche Einwanderung, Rückwanderung und Auswanderung

    • Reichswanderungsamt

    Founded in 1919-05-07

    The Reichsamt für deutsche Einwanderung, Rückwanderung und Auswanderung, established in 1919-05-07, collected material of all kind of aspects of emigration.

  15. Secours Suisse aux Enfants

    • Swiss Children's Aid

    The Secours Suisse aux Enfants, an agency of the Swiss Red Cross, an organization founded to care for children displaced during the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War.

  16. Bekenntniskirche

    • Confessing Chruch

    The Bekenntniskirche was composed of traditional Protestants. This organization broke with the Protestant Evangelical Church because it refused to accept the primacy of the Nazi state over the church, racial superiority, and the Aryan Paragraph. In 1943, the Bekenntniskirche issued the Barman Declaration, accusing the Nazi government of idolatry. While attacking racial concepts, it did not protest formally against anti-Semitic policies.

  17. Ellinikós Laïkós Apeleftherotikós Stratós

    • Greek People's Liberation Army
    • ELAS

    1942/1945-02

    The military branch of the communist-dominated Ethniko Apelefterotiko Metopo in Greece. Ellinikós Laïkós Apeleftherotikós Stratós was launched in the summer of 1942 and gradually spread from the central regions of the country into Thessaly and Aegean Macedonia. By 1944, it controlled most of the mountainous areas in Greece. At its peak, it had about 70,000 fighters, including several thousand Slavic Macedonians who formed the so-called Slavo-Macedonian People's Liberation Front. ELAS was disbanded in 1945-02, following the Varkiza agreements. After 1946, it reappeared as the Democratic Army...

  18. Commission Central d’Oeuvres Juives d’Assistance

    • Central Commission of Jewish Relief Associations
    • CCOJA

    Founded in 1940-10-30

    Many central and local Jewish relief organizations were to be found in the unoccupied zone immediately after the exodus and the armistice of 1940-06. The activities of these organizations were not coordinated, nor was there a central organization that could deal with the French Government. That is why on a conference in Marseilles on 1940-10-30 and 1940-10-31 the Commission Central d’Oeuvres Juives d’Assistance was organized. The CCOJA rejected above all the Central Consistory’s claim to represent French Judaism. The CCOJA created the following sub-committees and commissions: 1. Comité d’Ac...

  19. Ersatzheer

    • Replacement Army

    The Ersatzheer was a powerful Germany-based framework organization that came fully into existence on general mobilization. Its principal task was to train and provide replacements for the Feldheer, although it also carried out many other related administrative activities.

  20. Roland Battalion

    Roland Battalion had been formed in Austria. Together with Nachtigall, a volunteer Bulgarian battalion, the Roland Battalion is also known to the Ukrainians as Druzhyny Ukraninsskyh Natsionalistiv. After the start of Operation Barbarossa the Roland Battalion moved into the southern Soviet Ukraine.